Analysis of the Receptor Binding Domain of Gpa1p, the G_α Subunit Involved in the Yeast Pheromone Response Pathway

Abstract

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae G protein α subunit Gpa1p is involved in the response of both MATa and MATα cells to pheromone. We mutagenized the GPA1 C terminus to characterize the receptor-interacting domain and to investigate the specificity of the interactions with the a- and α-factor receptors. The results are discussed with respect to a structural model of the Gpa1p C terminus that was based on the crystal structure of bovine transducin. Some mutants showed phenotypes different than the pheromone response and mating defects expected for mutations that affect receptor interactions, and therefore the mutations may affect other aspects of Gpa1p function. Most of the mutations that resulted in pheromone response and mating defects had similar effects in MATa and MATα cells, suggesting that they affect the interactions with both receptors. Overexpression of the pheromone receptors increased the mating of some of the mutants tested but not the wild-type strain, consistent with defects in mutant Gpa1p-receptor interactions. The regions identified by the mating-defective mutants correlated well with the regions of mammalian G_α subunits implicated in receptor interactions. The strongest mating type-specific effects were seen for mutations to proline and a mutation of a glycine residue predicted to form a C-terminal β turn. The analogous β turn in mammalian G_α subunits undergoes a conformational change upon receptor interaction. We propose that the conformation of this region of Gpa1p differs during the interactions with the a- and α-factor receptors and that these mating type-specific mutations preclude the orientation necessary for interaction with one of the two receptors.