Strain–energy method for determining residual stresses in anodised thin films

Abstract

Residual stresses in thin films are usually evaluated either by measurement of elastic strains in the film or from the curvature or deflection of a film coated substrate material (the Stoney technique). Both methods are prone to serious measurement errors particularly for thinner films or smaller curvatures or deflections. The Stoney technique is popular because the analysis does not require the elastic modulus of the film. However, residual stress can be determined more accurately using the film modulus. A simple strain–energy analysis using this modulus has been developed to investigate residual stresses in boric acid–sulphuric acid (BSA) anodised films, based on bending measurements of thin coupons. The method is an improvement over Stoney's equation because the square root of the thickness of the film, rather than the thickness itself, is involved, therefore reducing one of the larger sources of error. The modulus of the film was determined from nanoindentation measurements. The strain–energy method allows analysis of residual stress development in the coupons as functions of film thickness and time. The results show that the residual stress in BSA anodised films formed on high strength Al–Cu alloy is highly tensile with stress levels up to 400 MPa. The effects of coupon geometry on stress development were also studied and were found to influence the final levels of residual stress developed. These results have implications for the measurement of residual stresses by beam deflection methods.

Keywords:

• ANODISING
• RESIDUAL STRESS
• STONEY EQUATION
• STRAIN ENERGY