Clinical Significance of the HHLA2 Protein in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Tumor Microenvironment

Abstract

Background

The protein “human endogenous retrovirus H long terminal repeat-associating 2” (HHLA2), a member of the B7 family, has been linked to cancer progression and immune responses. However, its functional role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown.

Methods

Bioinformatics was used to examine the potential roles of HHLA2 in HCC and the molecular pathways involved. Expression of HHLA2 and PD-L1 as well as the density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in tumoral areas were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin-eosin staining of 202 resected human HCC samples. Potential correlations of HHLA2 expression with pathological characteristics or prognosis of HCC patients were explored. Different types of immune microenvironment in HCC were defined based on HHLA2 expression and TIL density.

Results

High HHLA2 levels in HCC correlated with more advanced clinical cancer stage (P = 0.040), multiple tumors (P = 0.044), poor tumor differentiation (P = 0.048), microvascular invasion (P = 0.011) and hepatic capsule invasion (P = 0.047). HHLA2 levels correlated significantly with density of TILs, but not with PD-L1 levels. High HHLA2 levels were associated with worse prognosis. Intermediate and high TIL densities were independent predictors of better prognosis. Tumor microenvironments with type I (HHLA2 - high TILs +) or type IV (HHLA2 - low TILs +) were associated with better prognosis.

Conclusion

HHLA2 level can independently predict worse prognosis and affect the tumor microenvironment in HCC, which may help guide immunotherapy against the cancer.

Keywords:

• hepatocellular carcinoma
• HHLA2
• tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte
• tumor microenvironment

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Clinical Significance of the HHLA2 Protein in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Tumor Microenvironment [Corrigendum]

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Youth Program of the Scientific Research Foundation of Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital (No. 2021–06). We are grateful to all patients who participated in this research.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this work.