Women's mid-life health experiences in urban UK: an international comparison

Abstract

Objectives First, to investigate cross-cultural variations in symptom prevalence for mid-life women using data from studies undertaken in the UK, Japan, China, Canada and the USA, and, second, to examine the relationship between symptoms, ethnicity, age and menopausal status for London's multi-ethnic urban women aged 45–55 years.

Methods Cross-sectional, self-administered, postal questionnaire of women aged 45–55 years in London, UK (n = 1115), recruited from general practitioner lists. Participants recalled 15 general symptoms and the prevalence rates were compared with those of cohorts from methodologically similar studies.

Results London women experienced high levels of general symptom reporting. Tiredness was the most prevalent symptom (65%) followed by aches or stiffness in the joints (54%). The prevalence of seven symptoms varied by menopausal group. Only the symptom of hot flushes varied by age. Tiredness, insomnia and irritability varied by ethnic group. The pattern of symptom reporting for the London cohort was more similar to the pattern of women in Beijing than to the pattern of cohorts in Manitoba, Massachusetts and Japan.

Conclusions Our data do not support the existence of a single menopausal syndrome. There appears to be dialectic between culture and biology. It can be argued that symptoms experienced during the menopausal transition arise through a complexity of factors, not simply declining levels of estrogen or ethnicity; geographic location, local culture and temporality are factors that also need to be taken into account.

Key words:

• MENOPAUSE
• VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS
• CROSS-CULTURAL
• LONDON
• CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY
• LOGISTIC REGRESSION
• INTERNATIONAL

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Anne Grant for guidance with ethics requirements and to all those practice managers who enabled us to undertake this study, and to those who took the time to fill in the survey.

Conflict of interest  The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

Source of funding  The UK Department of Health funded this work through a Researcher Development Award.