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Abstract
Aim The type of estrogen and progestin as well as their doses, route and regimens of administration may each affect the benefit–risk profile of postmenopausal hormone therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the endometrial effect of progesterone released continuously from a vaginal ring, combined with transdermal estradiol in postmenopausal women.
Method Forty-four postmenopausal women participated in a randomized, double-blind, dose-finding study evaluating two hormonal treatments, combining 50 μg/day of estradiol delivered by transdermal patches and either 0.5-g or 1-g progesterone vaginal rings (PVR) given for 12 weeks. The effect on the endometrium was assessed by histology and the detection of the proliferative marker Ki-67. We also measured the serum concentration of estradiol and progesterone, the tissue concentration of progesterone and the immunolocalization of estradiol and progesterone receptors in the endometrium.
Results Endometrial thickness was increased after both treatments, although endometrial histology appeared atrophic in most biopsies. A circulating dose–response of serum progesterone levels was observed from the first to the 12th week of PVR use. In the high-progesterone-dose group, the scarce presence of Ki-67 and hormone receptors reflected the predominant action of progesterone in endometrial glands and stroma, in parallel with a lower tissue concentration of progesterone in this group.
Conclusion The PVR appears to be a promising method of administering natural progesterone to postmenopausal women treated with estrogen. Estradiol levels corrected the menopausal symptoms, as expected, and the presence of atrophic endometrium in the majority of women indicated that both doses of progesterone oppose the stimulatory estradiol effects, although the percentage of proliferative tissue was not negligible in both groups.
Conflict of interest R.S.W. is employed by the Population Council which develops the progesterone rings for contraceptive indications. Although for a different application, F.Z-H. is a co-holder of USA patent H5869081 referred to a similar vaginal ring for the treatment of infertility.
Source of funding This study was supported by a grant from UNFPA.