Frequency-risk and duration-risk relations between second-hand smoke exposure and menopausal symptoms among middle-aged women in Guangzhou, China

Abstract

Objective Tobacco smoking and menopausal symptoms are strongly associated, but the possible effects of second-hand smoke (SHS) have not been evaluated. This study aimed to explore the possible frequency-risk and duration-risk relations between SHS exposure and menopausal symptoms among non-smoking, middle-aged women.

Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Guangzhou, China using a stratified three-stage sampling method. Menopausal symptoms were measured by the modified Kupperman Index with a cut-off point of 7. The frequency-risk and duration-risk relations between SHS exposure and menopausal symptoms were examined using logistic regression models.

Results Compared with non-exposure, SHS exposure was associated with increased menopausal symptoms (odds ratio (OR) = 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22–2.33 for exposure in any of the venues). The trend analysis showed that there were frequency-risk (OR = 1.43 for occasional exposure; OR = 2.30 for regular exposure; p for linear trend < 0.001) and duration-risk (OR = 1.09 for 1–15 years; OR = 1.99 for > 15 years; p for linear trend < 0.001) relations. When examining the frequency-risk and duration-risk relations by source of exposure (in homes or in workplaces), there was still evidence of increasing trend for risk of menopausal symptoms.

Conclusions Findings from the present study suggest that SHS exposure is positively associated with menopausal symptoms in middle-aged women in a dose–response manner and highlight the need for further research to establish the mechanisms of the association.

Key words::

• SECOND-HAND SMOKE
• SMOKING
• MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS

Conflict of interest The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper.

Source of funding This work was supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Project of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University (No.RWSZ201209).