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Abstract
Objectives. Higher natural concentrations of lithium in drinking water may be associated with lower local rates of suicide. Methods. Lithium concentrations in drinking water were assayed by mass spectrometry at 145 sites in Italy, and compared with reported local suicide rates for men and women between 1980 and 2011. Results. Lithium concentrations in drinking water averaged 5.28 [CI: 4.08–6.48] μg/L (0.761 [0.588–0.934] μEq/L) and ranged from 0.110 to 60.8 μg/L (1.58 to 8.76 μEq/L). Lithium concentrations and local suicide rates were not significantly inversely related, except in 1980–1989, particularly among women. Conclusions. A proposed association between trace lithium concentrations in drinking water and risk of suicide was only partially supported, and mechanisms for potential clinical effects of trace levels of lithium are unknown.
Acknowledgments
Supported in part by a grant from the Bruce J. Anderson Foundation and the McLean Private Donors Psychiatric Research Fund (to RJB).
Statement of Interest
The first two authors contributed equally to this paper. Dr Vichi provided statistical analyses; all authors contributed to data-interpretation and preparation of this report. No author nor immediate family member has financial relationships with commercial organizations that might appear to represent potential conflicts of interest for material presented.
Supplemental data available online
Supplementary Tables 1–3 to be found online at http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15622975.2015.1062551.