WNT5A antagonizes WNT/β-catenin signaling and is frequently silenced by promoter CpG methylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

WNT5A is classified as a non-transforming WNT family member whose role in carcinogenesis is still ambiguous. It exhibits tumor suppressor activities in some cancers (thyroid, brain, breast and colorectum), but is aberrantly upregulated in cancers of lung, stomach and prostate. We investigated its epigenetic alterations and functions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). With semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR, we found that WNT5A was silenced or down-regulated in 5 of 18 ESCC cell lines, but expressed in normal esophagus tissue and immortalized normal esophageal epithelial cell lines. Promoter CpG methylation of WNT5A was detected in 4 of the 5 downregulated ESCC cell lines, while 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment induced WNT5A expression and demethylated its promoter in silenced cell lines. WNT5A promoter methylation was frequently detected in primary ESCC (24/36, 67%), but less frequently and weakly in paired surgical marginal esophageal tissues (8/36, 22%; p