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Reproductive Health Matters
An international journal on sexual and reproductive health and rights
Volume 18, 2010 - Issue 35: Cosmetic surgery, body image and sexuality
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Original Articles

Genitals and ethnicity: the politics of genital modifications

& (Senior Lecturer Senior Lecturer)
Pages 29-37 | Published online: 10 Jun 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (9)

Richard Antony Powell & Mohamed Yussuf. (2022) Medical narrative and religious norm driving cut type and medicalization changes in female genital mutilation/cutting in Somaliland. Health Care for Women International 43:7-8, pages 722-745.
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Hazel Isabella Learner, Caroline Rundell, Lih-Mei Liao & Sarah M. Creighton. (2020) ‘Botched labiaplasty’: a content analysis of online advertising for revision labiaplasty. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 40:7, pages 1000-1005.
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Sara Johnsdotter. (2019) Meaning well while doing harm: compulsory genital examinations in Swedish African girls. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters 27:2, pages 87-99.
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Joseph C. Pesambili & Kitila A. K. Mkumbo. (2018) Implications of female genital mutilation on girls’ education and psychological wellbeing in Tarime, Tanzania. Journal of Youth Studies 21:8, pages 1111-1126.
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Monica Christianson & Carola Eriksson. (2015) Promoting women's human rights: A qualitative analysis of midwives’ perceptions about virginity control and hymen ‘reconstruction’. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 20:3, pages 181-192.
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Abdulrahim A. Rouzi. (2013) Facts and controversies on female genital mutilation and Islam. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 18:1, pages 10-14.
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Articles from other publishers (46)

Claudia Merli. 2018. The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology. The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology 1 10 .
Pascalinah Morongoenyane Mokhothu & Maxwell Constantine Chando Musingafi. 2023. Women Empowerment and the Feminist Agenda in Africa. Women Empowerment and the Feminist Agenda in Africa 125 140 .
Brian D. Earp, Jasmine Abdulcadir & Lih-Mei Liao. (2023) Child genital cutting and surgery across cultures, sex, and gender. Part 2: assessing consent and medical necessity in “endosex” modifications. International Journal of Impotence Research 35:3, pages 173-178.
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Rebecca Deans, Cathy Kexin Cui, Catherine Tam, Ana Beatrice L. Coronel, Gabriela Rosa & Brigitte Gerstl. (2022) Attitudes and practices associated with pubic hair grooming behaviours: A cross‐sectional study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 63:1, pages 109-117.
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Danielle Jacobson, Daniel Grace, Janice Boddy & Gillian Einstein. (2022) How Canadian Law Shapes the Health Care Experiences of Women with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting/Circumcision and Their Providers: A Disjuncture Between Expectation and Actuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior 52:1, pages 107-119.
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Brian D. Earp. (2022) Genital Cutting as Gender Oppression: Time to Revisit the WHO Paradigm. Frontiers in Human Dynamics 4.
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Brian D. Earp & Sara Johnsdotter. (2020) Current critiques of the WHO policy on female genital mutilation. International Journal of Impotence Research 33:2, pages 196-209.
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Sanjam Ahluwalia & Jesse Cavalari. (2021) Genitals as Body-Parts: Deploying Transnational and Decolonial Feminist Pedagogies Within an American Classroom to Illuminate Genital Modification Practices. Contingencies 1:2.
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Thula U. Koops, Catherine Wilkinson, Grace Perry, Samantha Wilkinson & Sergio A. Silverio. 2021. Shame 4.0. Shame 4.0 193 212 .
Sarah O’Neill, Dina Bader, Cynthia Kraus, Isabelle Godin, Jasmine Abdulcadir & Sophie Alexander. (2020) Rethinking the Anti-FGM Zero-Tolerance Policy: from Intellectual Concerns to Empirical Challenges. Current Sexual Health Reports 12:4, pages 266-275.
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Janice Boddy. (2020) Re-thinking the Zero Tolerance Approach to FGM/C: the Debate Around Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery. Current Sexual Health Reports 12:4, pages 302-313.
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Nóirín MacNamara, Danielle Mackle, Claire Pierson & Fiona Bloomer. (2020) Interrogating the politicization of female genital cutting (FGC) within conditions of asymmetrical cultural convergence. A case study of Northern Ireland. Women's Studies International Forum 82, pages 102391.
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GABRIELA E. HALDER, CHERYL B. IGLESIA & REBECCA G. ROGERS. (2020) Controversies in Female Genital Cosmetic Surgeries. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology 63:2, pages 277-288.
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Geetha Fink, Tara Helm & Crista E. Johnson-Agbakwu. 2020. Refugee Health Care. Refugee Health Care 259 284 .
Sana LoueSana Loue. 2020. Case Studies in Society, Religion, and Bioethics. Case Studies in Society, Religion, and Bioethics 37 72 .
Lori Heise, Margaret E Greene, Neisha Opper, Maria Stavropoulou, Caroline Harper, Marcos Nascimento, Debrework Zewdie, Gary L Darmstadt, Margaret Eleanor Greene, Sarah Hawkes, Lori Heise, Sarah Henry, Jody Heymann, Jeni Klugman, Ruth Levine, Anita Raj & Geeta Rao Gupta. (2019) Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health. The Lancet 393:10189, pages 2440-2454.
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Lih-Mei Liao & Sarah M. Creighton. 2019. Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery. Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery 1 10 .
Els Leye, Emilomo Ogbe & Maaike Heyerick. (2018) ‘Doing hymen reconstruction’: an analysis of perceptions and experiences of Flemish gynaecologists. BMC Women's Health 18:1.
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Müjde Özer, Indiana Mortimore, Elise P. Jansma & Margriet G. Mullender. (2018) Labiaplasty: motivation, techniques, and ethics. Nature Reviews Urology 15:3, pages 175-189.
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Anna Wahlberg, Sara Johnsdotter, Katarina Ekholm Selling, Carina Källestål & Birgitta Essén. (2017) Factors associated with the support of pricking (female genital cutting type IV) among Somali immigrants – a cross-sectional study in Sweden. Reproductive Health 14:1.
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Melinda Jones. (2017) Intersex Genital Mutilation – A Western Version of fgm. The International Journal of Children’s Rights 25:2, pages 396-411.
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Naomi Onsongo. (2017) Female Genital Cutting (FGC): Who Defines Whose Culture as Unethical?. IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 10:2, pages 105-123.
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Dina Bader. (2016) Nationalisme sexuel : le cas de l’excision et de la chirurgie esthétique génitale dans les discours d’experts en Suisse. Swiss Journal of Sociology 42:3, pages 574-598.
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Armelle Andro & Marie Lesclingand. (2016) Les mutilations génitales féminines. État des lieux et des connaissances. Population Vol. 71:2, pages 224-311.
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Janice Boddy. (2016) The normal and the aberrant in female genital cutting. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 6:2, pages 41-69.
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Sandrine Atallah, Crista Johnson-Agbakwu, Talli Rosenbaum, Carmita Abdo, E. Sandra Byers, Cynthia Graham, Pedro Nobre, Kevan Wylie & Lori Brotto. (2016) Ethical and Sociocultural Aspects of Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Both Sexes. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 13:4, pages 591-606.
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Sara Johnsdotter & Birgitta Essén. (2016) Cultural change after migration: Circumcision of girls in Western migrant communities. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 32, pages 15-25.
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Hayley Mowat, Karalyn McDonald, Amy Shields Dobson, Jane Fisher & Maggie Kirkman. (2015) The contribution of online content to the promotion and normalisation of female genital cosmetic surgery: a systematic review of the literature. BMC Women's Health 15:1.
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Adewale O. Ashimi, Taiwo G. Amole & Zubairu Iliyasu. (2015) Prevalence and predictors of female genital mutilation among infants in a semi urban community in northern Nigeria. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 6:4, pages 243-248.
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L. Beltran, S. Fall & E. Antonetti-N’Diaye. (2015) Excision : entre clinique et droits humains. Sexologies 24:3, pages 122-127.
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Gretchen Heinrichs. (2015) Is Hymenoplasty Anti-Feminst?. The Journal of Clinical Ethics 26:2, pages 172-175.
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Birgitta Essén. 2015. The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality 501 581 .
Michela Fusaschi. (2015) Humanitarian BodiesCorps humanitaires. Genre, économie morale et modifications génitales dans la politique migratoire italienne. Cahiers d'études africaines:217, pages 11-28.
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Marvin Borsand, Bryan Friedman, Nadine Mirzayan & Alexander Borsand. (2015) Female Genital Cutting: An Ancient Practice Embedded in an Ever-Evolving World. The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 32:1, pages 31-36.
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Adewale O. Ashimi & Taiwo G. Amole. (2014) Perception and attitude of pregnant women in a rural community north-west Nigeria to female genital mutilation. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 291:3, pages 695-700.
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Bilkis Vissandjée, Shereen Denetto, Paula Migliardi & Jodi Proctor. (2014) Female genital cutting (FGC) and the ethics of care: community engagement and cultural sensitivity at the interface of migration experiences. BMC International Health and Human Rights 14:1.
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Monica Christianson & Carola Eriksson. (2014) Acts of violence: Virginity control and hymen (re)construction. British Journal of Midwifery 22:5, pages 344-352.
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Armelle Andro, Emmanuelle Cambois & Marie Lesclingand. (2014) Long-term consequences of female genital mutilation in a European context: Self perceived health of FGM women compared to non-FGM women. Social Science & Medicine 106, pages 177-184.
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Geetha Fink, Tara Helm, Kaya Belknap & Crista E. Johnson-Agbakwu. 2014. Refugee Health Care. Refugee Health Care 195 213 .
Sibil Tschudin, Sylvie Schuster, Denise Dumont dos Santos, Dorothy Huang, Johannes Bitzer & Brigitte Leeners. (2013) Restoration of Virginity: Women's Demand and Health Care Providers' Response in Switzerland. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 10:9, pages 2334-2342.
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David Veale. (2013) Reply to Bewley (2012). Archives of Sexual Behavior 42:3, pages 325-326.
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Owolabi Bjälkander, Donald S. Grant, Vanja Berggren, Heli Bathija & Lars Almroth. (2013) Female Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone: Forms, Reliability of Reported Status, and Accuracy of Related Demographic and Health Survey Questions. Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2013, pages 1-14.
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Katherine Brown, David Beecham & Hazel Barrett. (2013) The Applicability of Behaviour Change in Intervention Programmes Targeted at Ending Female Genital Mutilation in the EU: Integrating Social Cognitive and Community Level Approaches. Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2013, pages 1-12.
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Sara Rodrigues. (2012) From vaginal exception to exceptional vagina: The biopolitics of female genital cosmetic surgery. Sexualities 15:7, pages 778-794.
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Lina Michala, Lih‐Mei Liao & Sarah M Creighton. (2012) Female genital cosmetic surgery: how can clinicians act in women's best interests?. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 14:3, pages 203-206.
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Abdulrahim A. Rouzi, Sharifa A. Al-Sibiani, Nisma M. Al-Mansouri, Nawal S. Al-Sinani, Eetedal A. Al-Jahdali & Khalid Darhouse. (2012) Defibulation During Vaginal Delivery for Women With Type III Female Genital Mutilation. Obstetrics & Gynecology 120:1, pages 98-103.
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