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Original Articles

Enhancing the Learning of Sport Skills Through External-Focus Feedback

, , &
Pages 171-182 | Accepted 15 Mar 2001, Published online: 02 Apr 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (50)

Nicholas A. Busuttil, Alexandra H. Roberts, Marcus Dunn, Molly Connolly & Kane J. Middleton. (2023) The use of physically constraining tools for grip-specific skill development in racket, stick and club sports: A scoping review. Journal of Sports Sciences 41:8, pages 788-795.
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Dimitris Chatzopoulos, Elena Foka, George Doganis, George Lykesas & Thomas Nikodelis. (2022) Effects of analogy learning on locomotor skills and balance of preschool children. Early Child Development and Care 192:1, pages 103-111.
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Hubert Makaruk, Jared M. Porter, Anna Bodasińska & Stephanie Palmer. (2020) Optimizing the penalty kick under external focus of attention and autonomy support instructions. European Journal of Sport Science 20:10, pages 1378-1386.
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L. D. Raisbeck, M. Yamada, J. A. Diekfuss & N. A. Kuznetsov. (2020) The Effects of Attentional Focus Instructions and Task Difficulty in a Paced Fine Motor Skill. Journal of Motor Behavior 52:3, pages 262-270.
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Joseph Lambert & Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. (2020) Facilitating or foiling flow: the role of momentary perceptions of feedback. The Journal of Positive Psychology 15:2, pages 208-219.
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Moslem Bahmani, Abbas Bahram, Jed A Diekfuss & Saeed Arsham. (2019) An expert’s mind in action: Assessing attentional focus, workload and performance in a dynamic, naturalistic environment. Journal of Sports Sciences 37:20, pages 2318-2330.
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Anthony Vidal, Will Wu, Mimi Nakajima & James Becker. (2018) Investigating the Constrained Action Hypothesis: A Movement Coordination and Coordination Variability Approach. Journal of Motor Behavior 50:5, pages 528-537.
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Boyi Dai, Taylour J. Hinshaw, Tyler A. Trumble, Chaoyi Wang, Xiaopeng Ning & Qin Zhu. (2018) Lowering minimum eye height to increase peak knee and hip flexion during landing. Research in Sports Medicine 26:3, pages 251-261.
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Boyi Dai, Ross F. Cook, Elizabeth A. Meyer, Yvonne Sciascia, Taylour J. Hinshaw, Chaoyi Wang & Qin Zhu. (2018) The effect of a secondary cognitive task on landing mechanics and jump performance. Sports Biomechanics 17:2, pages 192-205.
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Andrew J. Callaway, Johanna Wiedlack & Mario Heller. (2017) Identification of temporal factors related to shot performance for indoor recurve archery. Journal of Sports Sciences 35:12, pages 1142-1147.
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Chiara Milanese, Stefano Corte, Luca Salvetti, Valentina Cavedon & Tiziano Agostini. (2016) Correction of a Technical Error in the Golf Swing: Error Amplification Versus Direct Instruction. Journal of Motor Behavior 48:4, pages 365-376.
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Viktor Gredin & A. Mark Williams. (2016) The Relative Effectiveness of Various Instructional Approaches During the Performance and Learning of Motor Skills. Journal of Motor Behavior 48:1, pages 86-97.
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Reza Abdollahipour, Gabriele Wulf, Rudolf Psotta & Miriam Palomo Nieto. (2015) Performance of gymnastics skill benefits from an external focus of attention. Journal of Sports Sciences 33:17, pages 1807-1813.
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Melanie E. Perreault & Karen E. French. (2015) External-Focus Feedback Benefits Free-Throw Learning in Children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 86:4, pages 422-427.
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Gal Ziv & Ronnie Lidor. (2015) Focusing attention instructions, accuracy, and quiet eye in a self-paced task—an exploratory study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13:2, pages 104-120.
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Jia Yi Chow, Michael Koh, Keith Davids, Chris Button & Robert Rein. (2014) Effects of different instructional constraints on task performance and emergence of coordination in children. European Journal of Sport Science 14:3, pages 224-232.
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John Komar, Jia-Yi Chow, Didier Chollet & Ludovic Seifert. (2014) Effect of Analogy Instructions with an Internal Focus on Learning a Complex Motor Skill. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 26:1, pages 17-32.
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Anne Ille, Ingrid Selin, Manh-Cuong Do & Bernard Thon. (2013) Attentional focus effects on sprint start performance as a function of skill level. Journal of Sports Sciences 31:15, pages 1705-1712.
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Gabriele Wulf. (2013) Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 6:1, pages 77-104.
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DavidM. Cutton & ChristopherM. Hearon. (2013) Applied Attention-Related Strategies for Coaches. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action 4:1, pages 5-13.
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Dan Southard. (2011) Attentional Focus and Control Parameter. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 82:4, pages 652-666.
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Gilel Nafati & Nicolas Vuillerme. (2011) Decreasing Internal Focus of Attention Improves Postural Control During Quiet Standing in Young Healthy Adults. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 82:4, pages 634-643.
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DavidC. Marchant, Matt Greig, Jonathan Bullough & Daniel Hitchen. (2011) Instructions to Adopt an External Focus Enhance Muscular Endurance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 82:3, pages 466-473.
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GavinP. Lawrence, VickyM. Gottwald, James Hardy & MichaelA. Khan. (2011) Internal and External Focus of Attention in a Novice Form Sport. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 82:3, pages 431-441.
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SashoJ. Mackenzie, ScottM. Foley & AndrewP. Adamczyk. (2011) Visually focusing on the far versus the near target during the putting stroke. Journal of Sports Sciences 29:12, pages 1243-1251.
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KeithR. Lohse, DavidE. Sherwood & AliceF. Healy. (2011) Neuromuscular Effects of Shifting the Focus of Attention in a Simple Force Production Task. Journal of Motor Behavior 43:2, pages 173-184.
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Ian Rice, Dany Gagnon, Jere Gallagher & Michael Boninger. (2010) Hand Rim Wheelchair Propulsion Training Using Biomechanical Real-Time Visual Feedback Based on Motor Learning Theory Principles. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 33:1, pages 33-42.
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Gabriele Wulf & JanetS. Dufek. (2009) Increased Jump Height with an External Focus Due to Enhanced Lower Extremity Joint Kinetics. Journal of Motor Behavior 41:5, pages 401-409.
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Daniel Memmert. (2009) Pay attention! A review of visual attentional expertise in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2:2, pages 119-138.
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Vickie Grooms Denny. (2009) External Attention for Teaching Sport Skills. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 80:6, pages 59-60.
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. (2009) Conditions of Practice in Perceptual Skill Learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 80:1, pages 32-43.
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DavidC. Marchant, PeterJ. Clough, Martin Crawshaw & Andrew Levy. (2009) Novice motor skill performance and task experience is influenced by attentional focusing instructions and instruction preferences. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 7:4, pages 488-502.
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Gabriele Wulf. (2008) Attentional Focus Effects in Balance Acrobats. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 79:3, pages 319-325.
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StephenM. Weiss, ArthurS. Reber & DavidR. Owen. (2008) The locus of focus: The effect of switching from a preferred to a non-preferred focus of attention. Journal of Sports Sciences 26:10, pages 1049-1057.
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JoanN. Vickers & A.Mark Williams. (2007) Performing Under Pressure: The Effects of Physiological Arousal, Cognitive Anxiety, and Gaze Control in Biathlon. Journal of Motor Behavior 39:5, pages 381-394.
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Gabriele Wulf & Jiang Su. (2007) An External Focus of Attention Enhances Golf Shot Accuracy in Beginners and Experts. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 78:4, pages 384-389.
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Gabriele Wulf, Thomas Töllner & CharlesH. Shea. (2007) Attentional Focus Effects as a Function of Task Difficulty. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 78:3, pages 257-264.
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Suzete Chiviacowsky & Gabriele Wulf. (2007) Feedback After Good Trials Enhances Learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 78:2, pages 40-47.
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SpencerJ. Hayes, NicolaJ. Hodges, MarkA. Scott, RobertR. Horn & A. Mark Williams. (2007) The efficacy of demonstrations in teaching children an unfamiliar movement skill: The effects of object-orientated actions and point-light demonstrations. Journal of Sports Sciences 25:5, pages 559-575.
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Dan Southard. (2006) Changing Throwing Pattern. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 77:3, pages 316-325.
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J. P. Maxwell, R. S. W. Masters & J. M. Poolton. (2006) Performance Breakdown in Sport. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 77:2, pages 271-276.
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Paulette M. van Vliet$suffix/text()$suffix/text() & Gabriele Wulf. (2006) Extrinsic feedback for motor learning after stroke: What is the evidence?. Disability and Rehabilitation 28:13-14, pages 831-840.
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J.M. Poolton, J.P. Maxwell, R.S. W. Masters & M. Raab. (2006) Benefits of an external focus of attention: Common coding or conscious processing?. Journal of Sports Sciences 24:1, pages 89-99.
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Jason Vance, Gabriele Wulf, Thomas Töllner, Nancy McNevin & John Mercer. (2004) EMG Activity as a Function of the Performer's Focus of Attention. Journal of Motor Behavior 36:4, pages 450-459.
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Gabriele Wulf & Nancy McNevin. (2003) Simply distracting learners is not enough: More evidence for the learning benefits of an external focus of attention. European Journal of Sport Science 3:5, pages 1-13.
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Gabriele Wulf, Matthias Weigelt, Damian Poulter & Nancy McNevin. (2003) Attentional focus on suprapostural tasks affects balance learning. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56:7, pages 1191-1211.
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Rebecca Enghauser. (2003) Motor Learning and the Dance Technique Class: Science, Tradition, and Pedagogy. Journal of Dance Education 3:3, pages 87-95.
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Vasiliki Totsika & Gabriele Wulf. (2003) The Influence of External and Internal Foci of Attention on Transfer to Novel Situations and Skills. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 74:2, pages 220-232.
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