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Original Articles

Fitts’ Law with an Isometric Controller

Effects of Order of Control and ControlDisplay Gain

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Pages 53-66 | Received 10 Oct 1986, Published online: 13 Aug 2013

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J. C. F. de Winter & S. de Groot. (2012) The effects of control-display gain on performance of race car drivers in an isometric braking task. Journal of Sports Sciences 30:16, pages 1747-1756.
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Steven C. Seow. (2005) Information Theoretic Models of HCI: A Comparison of the Hick-Hyman Law and Fitts' Law. Human–Computer Interaction 20:3, pages 315-352.
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MEI LI LIN, ROBERTG. RADWIN & GREGGC. VANDERHEIDEN. (1992) Gain effects on performance using a head-controlled computer input device. Ergonomics 35:2, pages 159-175.
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I. Scott MacKenzie. (1989) A Note on the Information-Theoretic Basis for Fitts’ Law. Journal of Motor Behavior 21:3, pages 323-330.
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Articles from other publishers (46)

. 2024. Human-Computer Interaction. Human-Computer Interaction 391 429 .
I. Scott MacKenzie. 2024. Human-Computer Interaction. Human-Computer Interaction 93 160 .
Hiroki Murakami & Norimasa Yamada. (2021) Fitts’ law when errors are not allowed: Quantification of reciprocating trajectories and estimating information processing. Acta Psychologica 220, pages 103418.
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Sierra N. Young & Joshua M. Peschel. (2020) Review of Human–Machine Interfaces for Small Unmanned Systems With Robotic Manipulators. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 50:2, pages 131-143.
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Daniel S. McConnell. (2019) Precision Constraints during Pointing with a Stylus: Implications for Fitts’ Law. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63:1, pages 1756-1760.
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Cassie N. Borish, Adam Feinman, Matteo Bertucco, Natalie G. Ramsy & Terence D. Sanger. (2018) Comparison of speed-accuracy tradeoff between linear and nonlinear filtering algorithms for myocontrol. Journal of Neurophysiology 119:6, pages 2030-2035.
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Zachary C. Thumser, Andrew B. Slifkin, Dylan T. Beckler & Paul D. Marasco. (2018) Fitts’ Law in the Control of Isometric Grip Force With Naturalistic Targets. Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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Manahel El Lahib, Joe Tekli & Youssef Bou Issa. (2018) Evaluating Fitts’ law on vibrating touch-screen to improve visual data accessibility for blind users. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 112, pages 16-27.
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Sébastien Mick, Daniel Cattaert, Florent Paclet, Pierre-Yves Oudeyer & Aymar de Rugy. (2017) Performance and Usability of Various Robotic Arm Control Modes from Human Force Signals. Frontiers in Neurorobotics 11.
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Francis R Willett, Brian A Murphy, William D Memberg, Christine H Blabe, Chethan Pandarinath, Benjamin L Walter, Jennifer A Sweet, Jonathan P Miller, Jaimie M Henderson, Krishna V Shenoy, Leigh R Hochberg, Robert F Kirsch & A Bolu Ajiboye. (2017) Signal-independent noise in intracortical brain–computer interfaces causes movement time properties inconsistent with Fitts’ law. Journal of Neural Engineering 14:2, pages 026010.
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Amitoj Bhullar, Nyeonju Kang, Jerelyne Idica, Evangelos A. Christou & James H. Cauraugh. (2015) Increased visual information gain improves bimanual force coordination. Neuroscience Letters 608, pages 23-27.
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Lucas Lemasters & John Flach. (2016) Multi-Gain Control. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 59:1, pages 771-775.
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Robert J. Teather & I. Scott MacKenzie. (2014) Comparing Order of Control for Tilt and Touch Games. Comparing Order of Control for Tilt and Touch Games.
Behnaz Jarrahi, Johann Wanek, Ulrich Mehnert & Spyros Kollias. (2013) An fMRI-compatible multi-configurable handheld response system using an intensity-modulated fiber-optic sensor. An fMRI-compatible multi-configurable handheld response system using an intensity-modulated fiber-optic sensor.
Ming Hou, Geoffrey Ho, G. Robert Arrabito, Sheila Young & Shi Yin. (2013) Effects of display mode and input method for handheld control of micro aerial vehicles for a reconnaissance mission. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 43:2, pages 149-160.
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. 2013. Human-computer Interaction. Human-computer Interaction 319 342 .
Xiaogang Hu, Molly M. Mazich & Karl M. Newell. (2012) Time gain influences adaptive visual-motor isometric force control. Experimental Brain Research 218:1, pages 73-80.
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Yves Guiard & Halla B. Olafsdottir. (2011) On the Measurement of Movement Difficulty in the Standard Approach to Fitts' Law. PLoS ONE 6:10, pages e24389.
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Xiaogang Hu & Karl M. Newell. (2011) Visual information gain and task asymmetry interact in bimanual force coordination and control. Experimental Brain Research 212:4, pages 497-504.
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Jinglong Wu, Jiajia Yang & Taichi Honda. (2010) Fitts’ law holds for pointing movements under conditions of restricted visual feedback. Human Movement Science 29:6, pages 882-892.
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Daniel Natapov & I. Scott MacKenzie. (2010) The trackball controller. The trackball controller.
Xiaogang Hu & Karl M. Newell. (2010) Adaptation to selective visual scaling of short time scale processes in isometric force. Neuroscience Letters 469:1, pages 131-134.
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Laure Fernandez & Reinoud J. Bootsma. (2008) Non-linear gaining in precision aiming: Making Fitts’ task a bit easier. Acta Psychologica 129:2, pages 217-227.
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S. Lee Hong & Karl M. Newell. (2008) Motor entropy in response to task demands and environmental information. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 18:3.
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Géry Casiez & Daniel Vogel. (2008) The effect of spring stiffness and control gain with an elastic rate control pointing device. The effect of spring stiffness and control gain with an elastic rate control pointing device.
S. Lee Hong & Karl M. Newell. (2008) Entropy compensation in human motor adaptation. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 18:1.
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Yuen-Keen Cheong, Randa L. Shehab & Chen Ling. (2016) Movement Kinematics and their Relationship with Performance in Target Acquisition Task Using a Mouse. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51:5, pages 439-443.
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Rory A. Cooper, Michael L. Boninger, Donald M. Spaeth, Dan Ding, Songfeng Guo, Alicia M. Koontz, Shirley G. Fitzgerald, Rosemarie Cooper, Annmarie Kelleher & Diane M. Collins. (2006) Engineering Better Wheelchairs to Enhance Community Participation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 14:4, pages 438-455.
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D. Beamish, I. Scott MacKenzie & Jianhong Wu. (2006) Speed-accuracy trade-off in planned arm movements with delayed feedback. Neural Networks 19:5, pages 582-599.
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Martina Rieger, Günther Knoblich & Wolfgang Prinz. (2005) Compensation for and adaptation to changes in the environment. Experimental Brain Research 163:4, pages 487-502.
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R. William Soukoreff & I. Scott MacKenzie. (2004) Towards a standard for pointing device evaluation, perspectives on 27 years of Fitts’ law research in HCI. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 61:6, pages 751-789.
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ROGER STEVENSON, JAMES G. PHILLIPS & TOM J. TRIGGS. (2011) MOUSE AND DISPLAY TABLETS AS CURSOR CONTROL DEVICES. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 18:07, pages 1221-1232.
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R. Darin Ellis, Alex Cao, Abhilash Pandya, Anthony Composto, Mathew Chacko, Michael Klein & Greg Auner. (2016) Optimizing the Surgeon-Robot Interface: The Effect of Control-Display Gain and Zoom Level on Movement Time. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 48:15, pages 1713-1717.
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Rory A Cooper, Donald M Spaeth, Daniel K Jones, Michael L Boninger, Shirley G Fitzgerald & Songfeng Guo. (2002) Comparison of virtual and real electric powered wheelchair driving using a position sensing joystick and an isometric joystick. Medical Engineering & Physics 24:10, pages 703-708.
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Matthew P Rearick, Jamie A Johnston & Semyon M Slobounov. (2001) Feedback-dependent modulation of isometric force control: an EEG study in visuomotor integration. Cognitive Brain Research 12:1, pages 117-130.
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Denis Mottet, Yves Guiard, Thierry Ferrand & Reinoud J. Bootsma. (2001) Two-handed performance of a rhythmical Fitts task by individuals and dyads.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27:6, pages 1275-1286.
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Magali Billon, Reinoud J. Bootsma & Denis Mottet. (2000) The dynamics of human isometric pointing movements under varying accuracy requirements. Neuroscience Letters 286:1, pages 49-52.
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R.S. Rao, R. Seliktar & T. Rahman. (2000) Evaluation of an isometric and a position joystick in a target acquisition task for individuals with cerebral palsy. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering 8:1, pages 118-125.
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R.S. Rao, R. Seliktar & T. Rahman. (1999) Evaluation of joysticks in cursor positioning task by individuals with cerebral palsy. Evaluation of joysticks in cursor positioning task by individuals with cerebral palsy.
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Sarah A. Douglas & Anant Kartik MithalSarah A. Douglas & Anant Kartik Mithal. 1997. The Ergonomics of Computer Pointing Devices. The Ergonomics of Computer Pointing Devices 219 229 .
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Réjean Plamondon. (1995) A kinematic theory of rapid human movements: Part II. Movement time and control. Biological Cybernetics 72:4, pages 309-320.
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Phillip J. Belfiore, Levan Lim & Diane M. Browder. (1993) Increasing the efficiency of instruction for a person with severe disabilities: The applicability of Fitts' law in predicting response time. Journal of Behavioral Education 3:3, pages 247-258.
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Douglas J Gillan, Kritina Holden, Susan Adam, Marianne Rudisill & Laura Magee. (1992) How should fitts' law be applied to human-computer interaction?. Interacting with Computers 4:3, pages 291-313.
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Barry H. Kantowitz. (2016) Effects of Response Symmetry upon Bi-Manual Rapid Aiming. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 35:20, pages 1541-1545.
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