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Original Articles

The Myofascial Genesis of Pain

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Pages 425-434 | Published online: 18 Apr 2016

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (41)

Negin Yekkalam & Anders Wänman. (2021) Association between signs of hyperalgesia and reported frequent pain in jaw-face and head. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 79:3, pages 188-193.
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Kevin Hackshaw. (2020) Assessing our approach to diagnosing Fibromyalgia. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 20:12, pages 1171-1181.
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Sheng-Min Wang, Changsu Han, Soo-Jung Lee, Ashwin A Patkar, Prakash S Masand & Chi-Un Pae. (2015) Fibromyalgia diagnosis: a review of the past, present and future. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 15:6, pages 667-679.
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David Legge. (2014) A History of Dry Needling. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 22:3, pages 301-307.
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Miguel Gorenberg & Kobi Schwartz. (2013) Imaging-guided hyperstimulation analgesia in low back pain. Journal of Pain Research 6, pages 487-491.
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Elżbieta Skorupska, Agata Bednarek & Włodzimierz Samborski. (2013) Tender Points and Trigger Points – Differences and Similarities. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 21:3, pages 269-275.
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Jan Dommerholt. (2011) Dry needling — peripheral and central considerations. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 19:4, pages 223-227.
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Robert Gerwin. (2010) Myofascial Pain Syndrome: Here We Are, Where Must We Go?. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 18:4, pages 329-347.
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Siegfried Mense. (2010) How Do Muscle Lesions such as Latent and Active Trigger Points Influence Central Nociceptive Neurons?. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 18:4, pages 348-353.
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Peter T. Dorsher. (2008) Myofascial Pain Syndrome—Trigger Points Literature Review: Comment on Dorsher Study. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 16:4, pages 347-352.
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Susanna Marklund & Anders Wänman. (2008) Incidence and prevalence of myofascial pain in the jaw–face region. A one-year prospective study on dental students. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 66:2, pages 113-121.
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Jan Dommerholt, Orlando Mayoral del Moral & Christian Gröbli. (2006) Trigger Point Dry Needling. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 14:4, pages 70E-87E.
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Jan Dommerholt, Carel Bron & Jo Franssen. (2006) Myofascial Trigger Points: An Evidence-Informed Review. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 14:4, pages 203-221.
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Saravanan Ram, Satish K.S. Kumar & Glenn T. Clark. (2006) Using Oral Medications, Infusions and Injections for Differential Diagnosis of Orofacial Pain. Journal of the California Dental Association 34:8, pages 645-654.
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Nikolai Bogduk. (2006) Mechanisms of musculoskeletal pain. Journal of Orthopaedic Medicine 28:3, pages 113-124.
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Jeffery R. Robinson. (2003) Lower Extremity Pain of Lumbar Spine Origin: Differentiating Somatic Referred and Radicular Pain. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 11:4, pages 223-234.
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Robert D. Gerwin. (2002) Myofascial and Visceral Pain Syndromes: Visceral-Somatic Pain Representations. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 10:1-2, pages 165-175.
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Prem Bajaj, Priti Bajaj, Thomas Graven-Nielsen & Lars Arendt-Nielsen. (2001) Trigger Points in Patients with Lower Limb Osteoarthritis. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 9:3, pages 17-33.
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S. Hawran, Peter Beck Pedersen & Henning Bliddal. (2000) Thoracic Facet Joint Syndrome, Simulating Angina Pectoris: A Case Report.. Journal of Orthopaedic Medicine 22:3, pages 96-97.
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N. Smith. (1999) Gluteus medius function and low back pain; is there a relationship?. Physical Therapy Reviews 4:4, pages 283-288.
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Peter Baldry. (1995) Superficial Dry Needling at Myofascial Trigger Point Sites. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 3:3, pages 117-126.
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David G. Simons. (1993) Janet G. Travell, MD. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 1:1, pages 17-22.
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J. J. Salminen, J. Pentti & G. Wickström. (1991) Tenderness and Pain in Neck and Shoulders in Relation to Type a Behaviour. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 20:5, pages 344-350.
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Jeffrey A. Saal & Ernest W. Johnson. (1988) Rehabilitation of Football Players With Lumbar Spine Injury (Part 1 of 2). The Physician and Sportsmedicine 16:9, pages 61-70.
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P. Kahler Hench & Merrill M. Mitler. (1986) Fibromyalgia. Postgraduate Medicine 80:7, pages 47-56.
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Michael K. Kreisberg. (1986) Headache as a Symptom of Craniomandibular Disorders II: Management. CRANIO® 4:3, pages 219-228.
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Michael K. Kreisberg. (1986) Headache as a Symptom of Craniomandibular Disorders I: Pathophysiology. CRANIO® 4:2, pages 134-142.
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Steven F. Brena. (1985) Nerve blocks and chronic pain states—an update. Postgraduate Medicine 78:4, pages 77-86.
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Stanley L. Grosshandler, Nicholas E. Stratas, Timothy C. Toomey & Wayne F. Gray. (1985) Chronic neck and shoulder pain. Postgraduate Medicine 77:3, pages 149-158.
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R. Prasaad Steiner. (1983) Acupuncture-cultural perspectives. Postgraduate Medicine 74:4, pages 60-67.
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Alexander G. Sroka, David G. Simons, Janet G. Travell, Richard Salkowe & Donald M. Kirschenbaum. (1983) Editor's Mail. Postgraduate Medicine 74:1, pages 39-46.
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David G. Simons & Janet G. Travell. (1983) Myofascial origins of low back pain. Postgraduate Medicine 73:2, pages 99-108.
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David G. Simons & Janet G. Travell. (1983) Myofascial origins of low back pain. Postgraduate Medicine 73:2, pages 81-92.
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David G. Simons & Janet G. Travell. (1983) Myofascial origins of low back pain. Postgraduate Medicine 73:2, pages 66-77.
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Robert P. Sheon. (1980) Regional soft tissue rheumatic pain syndromes. Postgraduate Medicine 68:5, pages 143-157.
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Ronald Melzack. (1979) Sensory modulation oi pain. International Rehabilitation Medicine 1:3, pages 111-115.
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Henry Nemerof & Irwin Rothman. (1974) Acupuncture and Hypnotism: Preliminary Experiments — and a Warning. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 16:3, pages 156-159.
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Peter U. Berges. (1973) Myofascial Pain Syndromes. Postgraduate Medicine 53:6, pages 161-168.
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Articles from other publishers (331)

Mark R. Pitkin. (2024) Modeling of the Effect of Subperiosteal Hydrostatic Pressure Conductivity between Joints on Decreasing Contact Loads on Cartilage and of the Effect of Myofascial Relief in Treating Trigger Points: The Floating Skeleton Theory. Biomimetics 9:4, pages 222.
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Aishwarya Pradeep, Aybike Birerdinc, Travis Branigan, Vy Phan, Hailey Morris, Jay Shah, Secili DeStefano, Siddhartha Sikdar, John Srbely, Dinesh Kumbhare, Antonio Stecco, James Paik & Lynn H. Gerber. (2023) Evidence for an association of serum microanalytes and myofascial pain syndrome. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 24:1.
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Tomasz Ziembicki. (2023) Nerve entry points – The anatomy beneath trigger points. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 35, pages 121-123.
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Guan-Yuan JIN(金观源)Louis Lei JIN(金雷)Belinda Jie HE(何洁)Bonnie Xia JIN(金霞). (2023) The necessity of inheritance and innovation of classical acupuncture from the rising of dry needling从干针崛起看古典针灸传承与创新的必要性. World Journal of Acupuncture - Moxibustion.
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A. E. Karateev. (2023) To the 100th anniversary of the birth of academician V.A. Nasonova. Pain control in rheumatic diseases: Past and future. Rheumatology Science and Practice 61:2, pages 143-150.
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Hiroyuki Imazato, Nobuyasu Takahashi, Yusuke Hirakawa, Yoichiro Yamaguchi, Masaru Hiyoshi, Takuya Tajima, Etsuo Chosa & Akira Sawaguchi. (2023) Three-dimensional fine structures in deep fascia revealed by combined use of cryo-fixed histochemistry and low-vacuum scanning microscopy. Scientific Reports 13:1.
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Fei Tang, Changgui Jiang, Jun Chen, Liangyong Wang & Fukun Zhao. (2023) Global hotspots and trends in Myofascial Pain Syndrome research from 1956 to 2022: A bibliometric analysis. Medicine 102:12, pages e33347.
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Bernhard Frerich, Volker Thieme & Alexander Hemprich. 2023. Mund-Kiefer-gesichtschirurgie. Mund-Kiefer-gesichtschirurgie 321 370 .
Richard Gevirtz. (2022) The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Headache: Biomarkers and Treatment. Current Pain and Headache Reports 26:10, pages 767-774.
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Ronen Cozacov, Amir Minerbi, May Haddad & Simon Vulfsons. (2022) Differential Sensitization of Muscle versus Fascia in Individuals with Low Back Pain. Bioengineering 9:9, pages 440.
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Mary-Ann Fitzcharles, Steven P. Cohen, Daniel J. Clauw, Geoffrey Littlejohn, Chie Usui & Winfried Häuser. (2022) Chronic primary musculoskeletal pain: a new concept of nonstructural regional pain. PAIN Reports 7:5, pages e1024.
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Rolf-Detlef Treede. (2022) Chronic musculoskeletal pain: traps and pitfalls in classification and management of a major global disease burden. PAIN Reports 7:5, pages e1023.
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Bruno Bordoni, Allan R Escher, Filippo Tobbi, Luigi Pianese, Antonio Ciardo, Jay Yamahata, Saul Hernandez & Oscar Sanchez. (2022) Fascial Nomenclature: Update 2022. Cureus.
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Darius McAphee, Michael Bagwell & Sue Falsone. (2022) Dry Needling: A Clinical Commentary. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 17:4.
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Kristina Šego. (2022) Primjena dry needlinga nakon traumatske ozljede glave i vrata, prikaz slučajaApplication of dry needling after traumatic head and neck injuries, case report. Zbornik sveučilišta Libertas 7:7, pages 105-115.
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Sergio Montero Navarro, Sonia del Rio Medina, José Martín Botella Rico, María Isabel Rocha Ortiz & María Teresa Pérez Gracia. (2021) Analysis and comparison of pain pressure threshold and active cervical range of motion after superficial and deep dry needling techniques of the upper trapezius muscle. Acupuncture in Medicine 40:1, pages 13-23.
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Bahman JabbariBahman Jabbari. 2022. Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Pain Disorders. Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Pain Disorders 147 165 .
Sin Ho Ha, Dong Geon Lee, Soung Kyun Hong & Gyu Chang Lee. (2021) Potential Benefits of a Selective Region High-frequency Diathermy with Therapeutic Exercises on Older Persons with Degenerative Knee Osteoarthritis: A Case Report. Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science 10:4, pages 387-397.
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Stephanie J. Steel, Carrie E. Robertson & Mark A. Whealy. (2021) Current Understanding of the Pathophysiology and Approach to Tension-Type Headache. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 21:10.
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Richard Ohrbach, Thomas Sollecito, Temitope Omolehinwa & Martin S. Greenberg. 2021. Burket's Oral Medicine. Burket's Oral Medicine 349 417 .
Siegfried Mense. (2021) Der myofasziale Triggerpunkt – eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme. MSK – Muskuloskelettale Physiotherapie 25:02, pages 91-98.
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Amin Kordi Yoosefinejad, Mahbobeh Samani, Fatemeh Jabarifard, Mahnaz Setooni, Rezvan Mirsalari, Fatemeh Kaviani & Seyed Mostafa Jazayeri shooshtari. (2021) Comparison of the prevalence of myofascial trigger points of muscles acting on knee between patients with moderate degree of knee osteoarthritis and healthy matched people. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 25, pages 113-118.
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Joanna Kuć, Krzysztof Dariusz Szarejko & Maria Gołębiewska. (2020) Evaluation of Soft Tissue Mobilization in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorder-Myofascial Pain with Referral. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:24, pages 9576.
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Vy Phan, Jay Shah, Hannah Tandon, John Srbely, Secili DeStefano, Dinesh Kumbhare, Siddhartha Sikdar, Allison Clouse, Amar Gandhi & Lynn Gerber. (2020) Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Narrative Review Identifying Inconsistencies in Nomenclature. PM&R 12:9, pages 916-925.
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Simon Vulfsons & Amir Minerbi. (2020) The Case for Comorbid Myofascial Pain—A Qualitative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:14, pages 5188.
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Asaf Weisman, John Quintner, Melanie Galbraith & Youssef Masharawi. (2020) Why are assumptions passed off as established knowledge?. Medical Hypotheses 140, pages 109693.
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F.I. Devlikamova & F.A. Khabirov. (2020) Myofascial pain syndrome: practical development of theoretical foundations. Russian Journal of Pain 18:3, pages 39.
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Vwaire Orhurhu, Christopher Aiudi, Ivan Urits, Mark Jones & Michael P. Zaccagnino. 2020. Spine Pain Care. Spine Pain Care 373 397 .
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Felipe Martins Liporaci, Márcio Massaro Mourani & Marcelo Riberto. (2019) The myofascial component of the pain in the painful shoulder of the hemiplegic patient. Clinics 74, pages e905.
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Klaus Böhme, Christian Simanski & Volker Lindner. 2019. Praktische Schmerzmedizin. Praktische Schmerzmedizin 59 76 .
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Thien Phu Do, Gerda Ferja Heldarskard, Lærke Tørring Kolding, Jeppe Hvedstrup & Henrik Winther Schytz. (2018) Myofascial trigger points in migraine and tension-type headache. The Journal of Headache and Pain 19:1.
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Fernando G. Exposto, Gen Udagawa, Takuya Naganawa & Peter Svensson. (2018) Comparison of masseter muscle referred sensations after mechanical and glutamate stimulation: a randomized, double-blind, controlled, cross-over study. Pain 159:12, pages 2649-2657.
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Cong-cong Li, Shimizu Bassi Gabriel, Ulloa Luis & Lei-miao Yin. (2018) The evolving conception and practice of acupuncture-moxibustion针灸学概念沿革和创新实践. Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science 16:6, pages 370-374.
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Jun-Hyeong Kwon, Yoon-Ho Lee, Yeong-Heon Ok, Jun-Hyuk Kim, Hye-Rim Hong, Jun-Seo Kim & Hyun-Jin Kim. (2018) Critical Evaluation about Diagnosis and Treatment of Myofascial Trigger Points. Exercise Science 27:4, pages 245-251.
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Roberto Casale. (2018) Myofascial pain: so common, and yet not understood. Current Opinion in Supportive & Palliative Care 12:3, pages 372.
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David O Draper & Brock Roberts. (2018) Cryotherapy: The Dry Benefits. MOJ Sports Medicine 2:1.
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Jan Dommerholt, Michelle Finnegan, Todd Hooks & Li-Wei Chou. (2017) A critical overview of the current myofascial pain literature – October 2017. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 21:4, pages 902-913.
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Arthur Yin Fan, Jun Xu & Yong-ming Li. (2016) Evidence and expert opinions: Dry needling versus acupuncture (I). Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 23:1, pages 3-9.
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Jan DommerholtRobert Stanborough. (2016) Re: “Dry Needling Is One Type of Acupuncture” by Zhu and Most ( Med Acupunct. 2016;28(4):184–193) . Medical Acupuncture 28:5, pages 287-288.
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Kehua Zhou, Yan Ma & Michael S Brogan. (2015) Dry Needling versus Acupuncture: The Ongoing Debate. Acupuncture in Medicine 33:6, pages 485-490.
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Craig E. Morris, Debra Bonnefin & Caroline Darville. (2015) The Torsional Upper Crossed Syndrome: A multi-planar update to Janda's model, with a case series introduction of the mid-pectoral fascial lesion as an associated etiological factor. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 19:4, pages 681-689.
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Jay P. Shah, Nikki Thaker, Juliana Heimur, Jacqueline V. Aredo, Siddhartha Sikdar & Lynn Gerber. (2015) Myofascial Trigger Points Then and Now: A Historical and Scientific Perspective. PM&R 7:7, pages 746-761.
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Jan Dommerholt & Robert D. Gerwin. (2015) A critical evaluation of Quintner et al: Missing the point. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 19:2, pages 193-204.
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Eugene Wang & Dajie Wang. (2014) Treatment of Cervicogenic Headache with Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection. Current Pain and Headache Reports 18:9.
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Ross Mattox, Linda W. Smith & Norman W. Kettner. (2014) Recognition of Spontaneous Vertebral Artery Dissection Preempting Spinal Manipulative Therapy: A Patient Presenting With Neck Pain and Headache for Chiropractic Care. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 13:2, pages 90-95.
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Rostyslav V Bubnov. (2012) Evidence-based pain management: is the concept of integrative medicine applicable?. EPMA Journal 3:1.
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John Jarrell. (2010) Myofascial pain in the adolescent. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 22:5, pages 393-398.
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Kohichi Takamoto, Shigekazu Sakai, Etsuro Hori, Susumu Urakawa, Katsumi Umeno, Taketoshi Ono & Hisao Nishijo. (2009) Compression on trigger points in the leg muscle increases parasympathetic nervous activity based on heart rate variability. The Journal of Physiological Sciences 59:3, pages 191-197.
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Jay P. Shah & Elizabeth A. Gilliams. (2008) Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis: An application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 12:4, pages 371-384.
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Barry Draper. (2008) Chronic cervicothoracic dysfunction alleviated by cholecystectomy. Clinical Chiropractic 11:2, pages 77-82.
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Peter T. Dorsher. (2008) Can Classical Acupuncture Points and Trigger Points Be Compared in the Treatment of Pain Disorders? Birch's Analysis Revisited. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 14:4, pages 353-359.
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Noshir R. Mehta, Steven J. Scrivani & Raymond Maciewicz. 2008. Raj's Practical Management of Pain. Raj's Practical Management of Pain 505 527 .
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Sarah P. Shultz, Jeffrey B. Driban & Charles B. Swanik. (2007) The Evaluation of Electrodermal Properties in the Identification of Myofascial Trigger Points. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88:6, pages 780-784.
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John Z. Srbely & James P. Dickey. (2016) Randomized controlled study of the antinociceptive effect of ultrasound on trigger point sensitivity: novel applications in myofascial therapy?. Clinical Rehabilitation 21:5, pages 411-417.
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