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Original Articles

Surprise attack: The case of Sweden

Pages 98-110 | Published online: 24 Jan 2008

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Nikki Ikani, Aviva Guttmann & Christoph O. Meyer. (2020) An analytical framework for postmortems of European foreign policy: should decision-makers have been surprised?. Intelligence and National Security 35:2, pages 197-215.
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Uri Bar‐Joseph & Zachary Sheaffer. (1998) Surprise and its causes in business administration and strategic studies. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 11:3, pages 331-349.
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Articles from other publishers (1)

Charles F. Parker & Eric K. Stern. (2005) Bolt from the Blue or Avoidable Failure? Revisiting September 11 and the Origins of Strategic Surprise. Foreign Policy Analysis 1:3, pages 301-331.
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