Advanced search
Publication Cover
Philosophical Magazine A Volume 47, 1983 - Issue 1
Journal homepage
201
Views
235
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Transformation behaviour of a Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy I. Premartensitic phenomena and the incommensurate phase

C. M. Hwang Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, U.S.A.
,
M. Meichle Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, U.S.A.
,
M. B. Salamon Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, U.S.A.
&
C. M. Wayman Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, U.S.A.
Pages 9-30 | Received 30 Mar 1982, Accepted 12 Jul 1982, Published online: 27 Sep 2006

Citations (235)

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Subscribe to citation updates

Read on this site (15)

Taotao Wang, Xiangxiang Rao, Qiang Zhang, Daqiang Jiang, Yang Ren, Lishan Cui & Kaiyuan Yu. (2023) Negative temperature-dependence of stress-induced R→B19′ transformation in nanocrystalline NiTi alloy. Materials Research Letters 11:4, pages 250-258.
Read now
Takuya Ohba. (1999) Study of martensitic transformation in AuCd alloys by means of neutron scattering and X-ray scattering. Phase Transitions 69:3, pages 289-308.
Read now
T Shinoda, T Owa & V Magula. (1999) Microstructural analysis of friction welded joints in TiNi alloy. Welding International 13:3, pages 180-185.
Read now
L. Chang & D.S. Grummon. (1997) Phase transformations in sputtered thin films of Ti (Ni, Cu)1− II: Displacive transformations. Philosophical Magazine A 76:1, pages 191-219.
Read now
Xu Dong Sheng, Song Yan, Li Dong & Hu Zhuang Qi. (1997) Site occupancy of alloying elements in TiNi compounds. Philosophical Magazine A 75:4, pages 1185-1189.
Read now
V.A. Chernenko & V.A. L'vov. (1996) Thermodynamics of martensitic transformations affected by hydrostatic pressure. Philosophical Magazine A 73:4, pages 999-1008.
Read now
M.I. Katsnelson, I.I. Naumov & A.V. Trefilov. (1994) Singularities of the electronic structure and pre-martensitic anomalies of lattice properties in β-phases of metals and alloys. Phase Transitions 49:1-3, pages 143-191.
Read now
Ma Ruzhang & Rao Jianxi. (1992) Mossbauer studies of ti-ni-fe shape-memory alloy. Philosophical Magazine A 65:1, pages 123-130.
Read now
D.Y. Li, X.F. Wu & T. Ko. (1991) The effect of stress on soft modes for the phase transformation in a Ti-Ni alloy I. The stress-induced transformation and soft modes. Philosophical Magazine A 63:3, pages 585-601.
Read now
Y. Kitano, I. Mukouda, H. Tamura & Y. Komura. (1987) Electron diffraction study of n/7<123> diffuse scattering from Ti48·5Ni51·5alloy. Philosophical Magazine B 56:5, pages 579-591.
Read now
K. Otsuka & K. Shimizu. (1986) Pseudoelasticity and shape memory effects in alloys. International Metals Reviews 31:1, pages 93-114.
Read now
M. Kaveh. (1985) Quantum diffusion and localization in disordered systems. Philosophical Magazine B 51:4, pages 453-464.
Read now
S. Miyazaki & K. Otsuka. (1985) Mechanical behaviour associated with the premartensitic rhombohedral-phase transition in a Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy. Philosophical Magazine A 50:3, pages 393-408.
Read now
C.M. Hwang, M.B. Salamon & C.M. Wayman. (1983) Transformation behaviour of a Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy. III. Martensitic transformation. Philosophical Magazine A 47:2, pages 177-191.
Read now
C.M. Hwang, M. Meichle, M.B. Salamon & C.M. Wayman. (1983) Transformation behaviour of a Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy II. Subsequent premartensitic behaviour and the commensurate phase. Philosophical Magazine A 47:1, pages 31-62.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (220)

Qiuzhen Li, Yuxuan Chen, Yinong Liu, Daqiang Jiang, Youyi Yang, Hong Yang, Kaiyuan Yu, Yang Ren & Lishan Cui. (2024) Non-linear temperature dependences of pseudoelastic stress and stress hysteresis of a nanocrystalline Ni47Ti50Fe3 alloy. Acta Materialia 265, pages 119625.
Crossref
Mitsuharu Todai, Takashi Fukuda & Tomoyuki Kakeshita. (2023) The Influence of [110] Compressive Stress on Kinetically Arrested B2–R Transformation in Single-Crystalline Ti–44Ni–6Fe and Ti–42Ni–8Fe Shape-Memory Alloys. Materials 17:1, pages 51.
Crossref
Xin Liu, Heng Li, Yanhong Zhang, Zhiwei Yang, Qingfei Gu, Xinhao Wang, Yifan Zhang & Jingchao Yang. (2023) Cryogenic temperature deformation behavior and shape memory mechanism of NiTiFe alloy. Intermetallics 162, pages 107997.
Crossref
K. Niitsu, Y. Yano, R. Kainuma & H. Inui. (2023) Viscosity of superelasticity: A comprehensive interpretation of nonreciprocal isothermal dynamics, kinetic arrest, and nonergodic anelastic strain based on thermal activation of martensitic transformations. Physical Review B 108:13.
Crossref
Elisabetta Nocerino, Irene Sanlorenzo, Konstantinos Papadopoulos, Marisa Medarde, Jike Lyu, Yannick Maximilian Klein, Arianna Minelli, Zakir Hossain, Arumugam Thamizhavel, Kim Lefmann, Oleh Ivashko, Martin von Zimmermann, Yasmine Sassa & Martin Månsson. (2023) Multiple unconventional charge density wave transitions in LaPt2Si2 superconductor clarified with high-energy X-ray diffraction. Communications Materials 4:1.
Crossref
Yuta Kimura, Xiao Xu, Kwangsik Han, Kodai Niitsu, Toshihiro Omori, Rie Y. Umetsu & Ryosuke Kainuma. (2023) R-Phase Transformation in Ti<sub>50−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Ni<sub>47+</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Fe<sub>3</sub> Shape Memory Alloys. MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 64:7, pages 1591-1599.
Crossref
Jinyi Liu, Daqiang Jiang, Zhiyuan Ma, Hui Zhang, Genfa Kang, Yuxuan Chen, Kaiyuan Yu, Yang Ren, Yinong Liu, Lei Ge & Lishan Cui. (2022) An in-situ study of low thermal expansion and internal stress evolution in FeMn alloys. Materials Characterization 194, pages 112342.
Crossref
Xin Liu, Heng Li, Hao Guan, Zhiwei Yang, Yanhong Zhang, Qingfei Gu & Jingchao Yang. (2022) Degradation of recovery properties after heat treatment in hot-forged NiTiFe alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 928, pages 167171.
Crossref
B.V. Borts, S.F. Skoromnaya & V.I. Tkachenko. (2022) SECOND-ORDER PHASE TRANSITIONS IN CRYSTALLINE MEDIA UNDER THE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, pages 32-37.
Crossref
A. Kunzmann, J. Frenzel, U. Wolff, J.W. Han, L. Giebeler, D. Piorunek, M. Mittendorff, J. Scheiter, H. Reith, N. Perez, K. Nielsch, G. Eggeler & G. Schierning. (2022) The role of electrons during the martensitic phase transformation in NiTi-based shape memory alloys. Materials Today Physics 24, pages 100671.
Crossref
Genfa Kang, Hui Zhang, Zhiyuan Ma, Yang Ren, Lishan Cui & Kaiyuan Yu. (2022) Large thermal hysteresis in a single-phase NiTiNb shape memory alloy. Scripta Materialia 212, pages 114574.
Crossref
Yi-Cheng Lai & Shyi-Kaan Wu. (2021) A Study on Phase Transformation Exhibited in Ti49±xNi49∓xFe2 (x = 0 to 1) Shape Memory Alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 52:10, pages 4636-4648.
Crossref
Anupam K. Singh, Sanjay Singh & Dhananjai Pandey. (2021) Pair distribution function study of magnetic shape memory alloy: Evidence for the precursor state of the premartensite phase . Physical Review B 104:6.
Crossref
R. Sewak & C.C. Dey. (2021) On the phase existence and stability of Zr9Pd11 and Zr13Pd12 intermetallic alloys. Journal of Solid State Chemistry 297, pages 122057.
Crossref
Chun-Hsiang Tu, Shyi-Kaan Wu, Chieh Lin & Bo-Yang Huang. (2021) A study on two R-phase transformations in intermediate temperature aged Ni-rich TiNiFe-based shape memory alloys. Intermetallics 132, pages 107123.
Crossref
Y. Soejima, A. Heima, H. Akamine, T. Inamura & M. Nishida. (2020) Comparison of <i>In Situ</i> SEM and TEM Observations of Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformation in Ti–Ni Shape Memory Alloy. MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 61:11, pages 2107-2114.
Crossref
Mitsuharu Todai, Takashi Fukuda & Tomoyuki Kakeshita. (2020) Kinetic Arrest of R-B19′ Transformation in Iron-Doped Ti–Ni Shape Memory Alloy. MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 61:1, pages 49-54.
Crossref
Jae Il Kim & Kwang Sun Hwang. (2019) Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Shape Memory Properties of Ti-44.5Ni-5Cu and Ti-45.2Ni-5Cu(at%) Alloys. Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 57:9, pages 562-568.
Crossref
Yuta Kimura. (2019) Martensitic Transformation and Intermediate-phase at Low Temperatures in Ti-Ni Based AlloysTi-Ni基合金の低温におけるマルテンサイト変態とIntermediate相. Materia Japan 58:1, pages 33-37.
Crossref
J.L. Pelegrina, J. Olbricht, A. Yawny & G. Eggeler. (2018) Temperature-induced transformations and martensitic reorientation processes in ultra-fine-grained Ni rich pseudoelastic NiTi wires studied by electrical resistance. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 735, pages 2574-2583.
Crossref
Mallaiah Manjaiah & Rudolph F. Laubscher. (2017) Study on recast layer thickness and residual stress during WEDM of SMAs. Emerging Materials Research 6:1, pages 82-88.
Crossref
Chen Chien, Cheng-Si Tsao, Shyi-Kaan Wu, Chun-Yu Chang, Pei-Chi Chang & Yung-Kang Kuo. (2016) Characteristics of the strain glass transition in as-quenched and 250 °C early-aged Ti48.7Ni51.3 shape memory alloy. Acta Materialia 120, pages 159-167.
Crossref
Liqiang Wang, Cong Wang, Lai-Chang Zhang, Liangyu Chen, Weijie Lu & Di Zhang. (2016) Phase transformation and deformation behavior of NiTi-Nb eutectic joined NiTi wires. Scientific Reports 6:1.
Crossref
G. Surucu, K. Colakoglu, Y. O. Ciftci, H. B. Ozisik & E. Deligoz. (2015) Thermo-Elastic and Lattice Dynamical Properties of Pd3X (X = Ti, Zr, Hf) Alloys: An Ab Initio Study. Brazilian Journal of Physics 45:6, pages 604-614.
Crossref
K. Niitsu, Y. Kimura, X. Xu & R. Kainuma. (2015) Composition Dependences of Entropy Change and Transformation Temperatures in Ni-rich Ti–Ni System. Shape Memory and Superelasticity 1:2, pages 124-131.
Crossref
Zhihua Nie, Yandong Wang, Shunli Shang, Qiaoshi Zeng, Yang Ren, Dongmei Liu, Wenge Yang, Yi Wang & Zi-Kui Liu. (2015) Strain-induced dimensionality crossover of precursor modulations in Ni2MnGa. Applied Physics Letters 106:2.
Crossref
Jiayi Liu & Xuejun Jin. (2014) Is “strain glass” a nanodomain frozen transition?. physica status solidi (b) 251:10, pages 2055-2060.
Crossref
Xiaobin Shi, Lishan Cui, Daqiang Jiang, Cun Yu, Fangmin Guo, Mengying Yu, Yang Ren & Yinong Liu. (2014) Grain size effect on the R-phase transformation of nanocrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys. Journal of Materials Science 49:13, pages 4643-4647.
Crossref
M. Matsuda, R. Yamashita, S. Tsurekawa, K. Takashima, M. Mitsuhara & M. Nishida. (2014) Antiphase boundary-like structure of B19′ martensite via R-phase transformation in Ti–Ni–Fe alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 586, pages 87-93.
Crossref
H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia & C.M. Wayman. 2014. Physical Metallurgy. Physical Metallurgy 1021 1072 .
Yasukazu Murakami. 2014. Mesoscopic Phenomena in Multifunctional Materials. Mesoscopic Phenomena in Multifunctional Materials 109 135 .
Arijit Sinha, Bholanath Mondal, Bikas C. Maji & Partha Protim Chattopadhyay. (2013) Enhanced shape recovery in cryogenically treated martensitic Ti–Ni alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A 580, pages 273-278.
Crossref
Arijit Sinha, Swati Sikdar (Dey)Partha Protim Chattopadhyay & Shubhabrata Datta. (2013) Optimization of mechanical property and shape recovery behavior of Ti-(∼49 at.%) Ni alloy using artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. Materials & Design (1980-2015) 46, pages 227-234.
Crossref
Liu Hong-Tao, Sun Guang-Ai, Wang Yan-Dong, Chen Bo & Wang Xiao-Lin. (2013) Shock-induced transformation behavior in NiTi shape memory alloy. Acta Physica Sinica 62:1, pages 018103.
Crossref
Arijit Sinha, Bholanath Mondal & Partha Protim Chattopadhyay. (2013) Mechanical properties of Ti–(∼49at%) Ni shape memory alloy, part II: Effect of ageing treatment. Materials Science and Engineering: A 561, pages 344-351.
Crossref
Arijit Sinha, Bholanath Mondal & Partha Protim Chattopadhyay. (2013) Mechanical properties of Ti-(∼49at%) Ni shape memory alloy: Part I. Effect of cold deformation. Materials Science and Engineering: A 561, pages 338-343.
Crossref
Jie-Qiong Hu, Ming Xie, Yong Pan, You-Cai Yang, Man-Men Liu & Ji-Ming Zhang. (2012) The electronic, elastic and structural properties of Pd–Zr intermetallic. Computational Materials Science 51:1, pages 1-6.
Crossref
J. Olbricht, A. Yawny, J. L. Pelegrina, A. Dlouhy & G. Eggeler. (2011) On the Stress-Induced Formation of R-Phase in Ultra-Fine-Grained Ni-Rich NiTi Shape Memory Alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 42:9, pages 2556-2574.
Crossref
Xiang Sun, Xiao-dong Ni, Jiang Shen & Nan-xian Chen. (2011) Effect of Co additions on B2 phase stability of Ni-poor NiTi-based alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509:33, pages 8323-8326.
Crossref
Mitsuharu Todai, Takashi Fukuda & Tomoyuki Kakeshita. (2011) Position of Incommensurate Satellites Appearing in Ti-Ni Based Shape Memory Alloys. Solid State Phenomena 172-174, pages 150-154.
Crossref
Xiaoning Zhang, Baoyu Xia, Jie Song, Bin Chen, Xiaolin Tian, Yingmin Hao & Chaoying Xie. (2011) Effects of equal channel angular extrusion and aging treatment on R phase transformation behaviors and Ti3Ni4 precipitates of Ni-rich TiNi alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509:21, pages 6296-6301.
Crossref
Mitsuharu Todai, Takashi Fukuda & Tomoyuki Kakeshita. (2011) Relation between incommensurate satellites and phonon softening in Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys. Scripta Materialia 64:6, pages 541-543.
Crossref
R.R. Thorat, D.D. Risanti, D. San Martín, G. Garces, P.E.J. Rivera Díaz del Castillo & S. van der Zwaag. (2009) On the transformation behaviour of NiTi particulate reinforced AA2124 composites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 477:1-2, pages 307-315.
Crossref
S.F. Hsieh, S.L. Chen, H.C. Lin, M.H. Lin & S.Y. Chiou. (2009) The machining characteristics and shape recovery ability of Ti–Ni–X (X=Zr, Cr) ternary shape memory alloys using the wire electro-discharge machining. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 49:6, pages 509-514.
Crossref
J. I. KIM, T. H. NAM, Y. J. LEE & S. MIYAZAKI. (2012) EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON SHAPE MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS OF Ti -50.85at.% Ni ALLOY . Functional Materials Letters 01:03, pages 209-213.
Crossref
E. R. Strutt, T. Radetic, E. A. Olevsky & M. A. Meyers. (2008) Combustion synthesis/quasi-isostatic pressing of TiC0.7–NiTi cermets: microstructure and transformation characteristics. Journal of Materials Science 43:17, pages 5905-5923.
Crossref
Zhiguo Fan & Chaoying Xie. (2008) Phase transformation behaviors of Ti-50.9 at.% Ni alloy after Equal Channel Angular Extrusion. Materials Letters 62:6-7, pages 800-803.
Crossref
I. Yoshida, D. Monma & T. Ono. (2008) Damping characteristics of Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 448:1-2, pages 349-354.
Crossref
S. M. Shapiro, Guangyong Xu, B. L. Winn, D. L. Schlagel, T. Lograsso & R. Erwin. (2007) Anomalous phonon behavior in the high-temperature shape-memory alloy . Physical Review B 76:5.
Crossref
S.L. Chen, S.F. Hsieh, H.C. Lin, M.H. Lin & J.S. Huang. (2007) Electrical discharge machining of TiNiCr and TiNiZr ternary shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A 445-446, pages 486-492.
Crossref
Yinong Liu, Melina Blanc, Geraldine Tan, J.I. Kim & S. Miyazaki. (2006) Effect of ageing on the transformation behaviour of Ti–49.5at.% Ni. Materials Science and Engineering: A 438-440, pages 617-621.
Crossref
S.K. Wu, H.C. Lin & T.Y. Lin. (2006) Electrical resistivity of Ti–Ni binary and Ti–Ni–X (X=Fe, Cu) ternary shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A 438-440, pages 536-539.
Crossref
Yu. M. Koval’ & V. A. Lobodyuk. (2006) The Deformation Phenomena at Martensitic Transformations. Uspehi Fiziki Metallov 7:2, pages 53-116.
Crossref
Mi Seon Choi, Jumpei Ogawa, Takashi Fukuda & Tomoyuki Kakeshita. (2006) Stability of the B2-Type Structure of Ti-Ni-Fe and Ti-Ni-Co Shape Memory Alloys. Materials Science Forum 512, pages 233-238.
Crossref
L.V. Spivak, N.E. Skryabina, D. Fruchart & L. Cagnon. (2005) The nature of deformation effects in metal–hydrogen systems. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 404-406, pages 550-553.
Crossref
Jae Il Kim & Shuichi Miyazaki. (2005) Comparison of shape memory characteristics of a Ti-50.9 At. Pct Ni alloy aged at 473 and 673 K. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 36:12, pages 3301-3310.
Crossref
D. Góra & K. Parlinski. (2005) Ab initio calculation of Ni50−xFexTi50. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 66:10, pages 1748-1754.
Crossref
K. Otsuka & X. Ren. (2005) Physical metallurgy of Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys. Progress in Materials Science 50:5, pages 511-678.
Crossref
Akihiko Toda, Takeshi Arita & Masamichi Hikosaka. (2005) Transition kinetics of a Ti–Ni alloy examined by temperature-modulated DSC. Thermochimica Acta 431:1-2, pages 98-105.
Crossref
Yasukazu Murakami & Daisuke Shindo. (2005) Recent Advances in Domain Analysis. MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 46:4, pages 743-755.
Crossref
H.C. Lin, C.H. Yang, K.M. Lin & G.K. Hsu. (2005) A study of Ti50−x/2Ni40−x/2Cu10Crx (x = 0 ∼ 1at.%) shape memory alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 386:1-2, pages 157-164.
Crossref
V. N. Grishkov, A. I. Lotkov, S. F. Dubinin, S. G. Teploukhov & V. D. Parkhomenko. (2004) Short-wavelength atomic-displacement modulation preceding the B2 → B19′ martensitic transformation in a TiNi-based alloy. Physics of the Solid State 46:8, pages 1386-1393.
Crossref
J. F. Wan, X. L. Lei, S. P. Chen & T. Y. Hsu. (2004) Electron–transverse acoustic phonon interaction in martensitic alloys. Physical Review B 70:1.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto. (2004) Electrical resistivity of NiTi with high transformation temperature. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 370:1-2, pages 244-248.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto. (2004) Irreversibility in transformation behavior of equiatomic nickel–titanium alloy by electrical resistivity measurement. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 368:1-2, pages 182-186.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto. (2004) Characterization of transformation behavior in NiTi(Si). Journal of Alloys and Compounds 366:1-2, pages 182-186.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto. (2004) Enhancement of a peak in electrical resistivity of NiTi alloy in early stage of transformation cycles. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 364:1-2, pages 132-136.
Crossref
J.I. Kim, Yinong Liu & S. Miyazaki. (2004) Ageing-induced two-stage R-phase transformation in Ti – 50.9at.%Ni. Acta Materialia 52:2, pages 487-499.
Crossref
Yinong Liu, Hong Yang & Arne Voigt. (2003) Thermal analysis of the effect of aging on the transformation behaviour of Ti–50.9at.% Ni. Materials Science and Engineering: A 360:1-2, pages 350-355.
Crossref
D Stróż. (2003) TEM studies of the R-phase transformation in a NiTi shape memory alloy after thermo-mechanical treatment. Materials Chemistry and Physics 81:2-3, pages 460-462.
Crossref
T. Castán, A. Planes & A. Saxena. (2003) Modulated phases in multi-stage structural transformations. Physical Review B 67:13.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto. (2003) Transformation behaviour with thermal cycling in NiTi alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 350:1-2, pages 213-217.
Crossref
Xueyan Song, Yun Chen, Cesar Sequeira, Yongquan Lei, Qidong Wang & Ze Zhang. (2011) Microstructural evolution of body-centered cubic structure related Ti–Zr–Ni phases in non-stoichiometric Zr-based Zr–Ti–Mn–V–Ni hydride electrode alloys. Journal of Materials Research 18:1, pages 37-44.
Crossref
K. Parlinski & M. Parlinska-Wojtan. (2002) Lattice dynamics of NiTi austenite, martensite, and R phase . Physical Review B 66:6.
Crossref
Daisuke Shindo, Yasukazu Murakami & Takuya Ohba. (2011) Understanding Precursor Phenomena for the R-Phase Transformation in Ti-Ni-Based Alloys. MRS Bulletin 27:2, pages 121-127.
Crossref
Yoichi Kishi, Zenjiro Yajima & Ken&rsquo;ichi Shimizu. (2002) Relation between Tensile Deformation Behavior and Microstructure in a Ti-Ni-Co Shape Memory Alloy. MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 43:5, pages 834-839.
Crossref
Dominique Schryvers & Pavel&nbsp;L. Potapov. (2002) R-Phase Structure Refinement Using Electron Diffraction Data. MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 43:5, pages 774-779.
Crossref
Masahiro Tsuji, Hideki Hosoda, Kenji Wakashima & Yoko Yamabe-Mitarai. (2011) Phase Stability and Mechanical Properties of Ti(Ni, Ru) Alloys. MRS Proceedings 753.
Crossref
D Shindo, Y Murakami & Y Ikematsu. (2001) Energy-filtered electron microscopy study on phase transformation of alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A 312:1-2, pages 9-19.
Crossref
Y. Murakami, H. Shibuya & D. Shindo. (2001) Precursor effects of martensitic transformations in Ti‐based alloys studied by electron microscopy with energy filtering. Journal of Microscopy 203:1, pages 22-33.
Crossref
Ching-Yig Chang, David Vokoun & Chen-Ti Hu. (2001) Two-way shape memory effect of NiTi alloy induced by constraint aging treatment at room temperature. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 32:7, pages 1629-1634.
Crossref
S.K Wu, H.C Lin & S.H Chen. (2001) Phenomenological analysis of martensitic transformation in cold-rolled TiNi-base shape memory alloys. Materials Chemistry and Physics 68:1-3, pages 149-156.
Crossref
ST Rosinski, ML Grossbeck, TR Allen & AS KumarA Kimura, T Hirose & H Matsui. 2001. Effects of Radiation on Materials: 20th International Symposium. Effects of Radiation on Materials: 20th International Symposium 825 835 .
S.K Wu, H.C Lin, Y.C Yen & J.C Chen. (2000) Wire drawing conducted in the R-phase of TiNi shape memory alloys. Materials Letters 46:2-3, pages 175-180.
Crossref
H.C Lin, K.M Lin & Y.C Chen. (2000) A study on the machining characteristics of TiNi shape memory alloys. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 105:3, pages 327-332.
Crossref
Madangopal Krishnan & J.B. Singh. (2000) A novel B19′ martensite in nickel titanium shape memory alloys. Acta Materialia 48:6, pages 1325-1344.
Crossref
Huibin Xu, Chengbao Jiang, Shengkai Gong & Gen Feng. (2000) Martensitic transformation of the Ti50Ni48Fe2 alloy deformed at different temperatures. Materials Science and Engineering: A 281:1-2, pages 234-238.
Crossref
Wang Jing-cheng, You Fu-qiang, Yin Jun-lin, Tang Xue-feng & Qi Jin-lin. (2000) Positron study of defects in TiNi Alloys. Chinese Physics 9:3, pages 216-221.
Crossref
S.K. Wu & S.F. Hsieh. (2000) Martensitic transformation of a Ti-rich Ti40.5Ni49.5Zr10 shape memory alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 297:1-2, pages 294-302.
Crossref
J. Cai, D. S. Wang, S. J. Liu, S. Q. Duan & B. K. Ma. (1999) Electronic structure and phase stability of Ti-based shape-memory alloys . Physical Review B 60:23, pages 15691-15698.
Crossref
W Cai, Y Murakami & K Otsuka. (1999) Study of R-phase transformation in a Ti–50.7at%Ni alloy by in-situ transmission electron microscopy observations. Materials Science and Engineering: A 273-275, pages 186-189.
Crossref
K Otsuka & X Ren. (1999) Martensitic transformations in nonferrous shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A 273-275, pages 89-105.
Crossref
R.M Waterstrat, A Shapiro & A Jeremie. (1999) The palladium–zirconium phase diagram. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 290:1-2, pages 63-70.
Crossref
S.K Wu, H.C Lin & C.C Chen. (1999) A study on the machinability of a Ti49.6Ni50.4 shape memory alloy. Materials Letters 40:1, pages 27-32.
Crossref
Kazuhiro Otsuka & Xiaobing Ren. (1999) Recent developments in the research of shape memory alloys. Intermetallics 7:5, pages 511-528.
Crossref
Xueyan Song, Ze Zhang, Xiaobin Zhang, Yongquan Lei & Qidong Wang. (2011) Effect of Ti Substitution on the Microstructure and Properties of Zr–Mn–V–Ni AB 2 Type Hydride Electrode Alloys . Journal of Materials Research 14:4, pages 1279-1285.
Crossref
H.C. Lin, K.M. Lin, S.K. Chang & C.S. Lin. (1999) A study of TiNiV ternary shape memory alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 284:1-2, pages 213-217.
Crossref
Yasukazu Murakami & Daisuke Shindo. (1999) Lattice Modulation Preceding to the R-phase Transformation in a Ti<SUB>50</SUB>Ni<SUB>48</SUB>Fe<SUB>2</SUB> Alloy Studied by TEM with Energy-Filtering. Materials Transactions, JIM 40:10, pages 1092-1097.
Crossref
J Uchil, K.P Mohanchandra, K.K Mahesh & K Ganesh Kumara. (1998) Thermal and electrical characterization of R-phase dependence on heat-treat temperature in Nitinol. Physica B: Condensed Matter 253:1-2, pages 83-89.
Crossref
B. B. Khaimzon, A. I. Potekaev & Yu. I. Paskal’. (1998) Analysis of experimental data on rhombohedral superstructures based on a triperiodic bcc lattice. Russian Physics Journal 41:7, pages 625-631.
Crossref
T.S Chou, S.K Wu & H.C Lin. (1998) The Deformation Texture in a Ti49Ni51 Alloy. Scripta Materialia 38:3, pages 363-368.
Crossref
H. Hosoda, S. Hanada, K. Inoue, T. Fukui, Y. Mishima & T. Suzuki. (1998) Martensite transformation temperatures and mechanical properties of ternary NiTi alloys with offstoichiometric compositions. Intermetallics 6:4, pages 291-301.
Crossref
K. F. Liang, Z. C. Lin, P. C. W. Fung & J. X. Zhang. (1997) Characterization of the thermoelastic martensitic transformation in a NiTi alloy driven by temperature variation and external stress. Physical Review B 56:5, pages 2453-2462.
Crossref
Toru Hara, Takuya Ohba, Eiji Okunishi & Kazuhiro Otsuka. (1997) Structural Study of R-Phase in Ti-50.23 at.%Ni and Ti-47.75 at.%Ni-1.50 at.%Fe Alloys. Materials Transactions, JIM 38:1, pages 11-17.
Crossref
Yong Liu, Jan Van Humbeeck, Rudy Stalmans & Luc Delaey. (1997) Some aspects of the properties of NiTi shape memory alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 247:1-2, pages 115-121.
Crossref
Q. Chen, K. M. Knowles, C. J. Humphreys & X. F. Wu. (1996) Atom positions in the R-phase unit cell in TiNi shape memory alloy. Journal of Materials Science 31:16, pages 4227-4231.
Crossref
J.Y. Huang, L.L. Ye, Y.K. Wu & H.Q. Ye. (1996) Microstructure investigations on explosive TiNi(or Ni)/TiC-composite-formation reaction during mechanical alloying. Acta Materialia 44:5, pages 1781-1792.
Crossref
I. Ohkata & H. Tamura. (2011) The R-Phase Transformation in the Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloy and its Application. MRS Proceedings 459.
Crossref
Hideki Hosoda, Toshihiko Fukul, Kanryu Inoue, Yoshlnao Mishima & Tomoo Suzuki. (2011) Change of M s Temperatures and its Correlation to Atomic Configurations of Offstoichiometric NiTi-Cr and NiTi-Co Alloys . MRS Proceedings 459.
Crossref
C.M. WAYMAN & H.K.D.H. BHADESHIA. 1996. Physical Metallurgy. Physical Metallurgy 1507 1554 .
D.Y. Li. (1996) Wear behaviour of TiNi shape memory alloys. Scripta Materialia 34:2, pages 195-200.
Crossref
B. Coluzzi, A. Biscarini, L. Di Masso, F.M. Mazzolai, N. Staffolani, M. Guerra, M. Santoro, S. Ceresara & A. Tuissi. (1996) Phase transition features of NiTi orthodontic wires subjected to constant bending strains. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 233:1-2, pages 197-205.
Crossref
J. Y. Huang, L. L. Ye, Y. K. Wu & H. Q. Ye. (1995) Direct evidence for combustion reaction on TiNi/TiC composites formation by mechanical alloying. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 26:10, pages 2755-2759.
Crossref
Li Hou & D.S. Grummon. (1995) Transformational superelasticity in sputtered titanium-nickel thin films. Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 33:6, pages 989-995.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto. (1995) Variation in transformation hysteresis in pure cobalt with transformation cycles. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 223:1, pages L1-L3.
Crossref
G. Riva, M. Vanelli & G. Airoldi. (1995) A new calibration method for the X-ray powder diffraction study of shape memory alloys. Physica Status Solidi (a) 148:2, pages 363-372.
Crossref
F.F. Gong, G.J. Shen, H.M. Shen & Y.N. Wang. (1995) Crystal and domain structures in sputtered Ni-51.6 at% Ti shape memory alloy films. Materials Letters 23:1-3, pages 87-91.
Crossref
U. C. Lin, S. K. Wu & Y. C. Chang. (1995) Damping characteristics of Ti50Ni49.5Fe0.5 and Ti50Ni40Cu10 ternary shape memory alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 26:4, pages 851-858.
Crossref
X. Blase, Angel Rubio, Steven G. Louie & Marvin L. Cohen. (1995) Quasiparticle band structure of bulk hexagonal boron nitride and related systems. Physical Review B 51:11, pages 6868-6875.
Crossref
Y. C. Lo & S. K. Wu. (2004) A study on martensitic transformation in Ti50−x/2Ni50−x/2Cux alloys with X≤10 at%. Journal of Materials Science 30:6, pages 1577-1583.
Crossref
Y.Q. Yang, H.S. Jia, Z.F. Zhang, H.M. Shen, A. Hu & Y.N. Wang. (1995) Transformations in sputter-deposited thin films of NiTi shape memory alloy. Materials Letters 22:3-4, pages 137-140.
Crossref
Y. Gao, Y. Q. Liu & K. H. Wu. (2011) In-Situ Observation of Deformation Associated with R-Phase in NiTi Shape Memory Alloy. MRS Proceedings 404.
Crossref
S. F. Dubinin, A. I. Lotkov, S. G. Teploukhov & V. N. Grishkov. (1995) Neutron diffraction studies of the premartensitic transformation B2 ? B19? in Ti49Ni51 single crystals. Russian Physics Journal 38:1, pages 46-50.
Crossref
M.L. Marquina, M. Jiménez, V. Marquina, S. Aburto, R. Ridaura, R. Gómez, R. Escudero & D. Ríos-Jara. (1994) Structural transitions in a TiNiFe shape memory alloy. Materials Characterization 32:3, pages 189-193.
Crossref
Y.L. Zhu, T.C. Li, J.T. Liu, X.D. Han & D.Z. Yang. (1994) Shock synthesis of NiTi intermetallic compounds from a mixture of titanium and nickel elemental powders. Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 30:6, pages 775-780.
Crossref
H.C. Lin, S.K. Wu & J.C. Lin. (1994) The martensitic transformation in Ti-rich TiNi shape memory alloys. Materials Chemistry and Physics 37:2, pages 184-190.
Crossref
G. Airoldi, S. Besseghini, G. Riva & T. Saburi. (1994) R-Phase Onset Temperature in a 50Ti48Ni2Al Alloy. Materials Transactions, JIM 35:2, pages 103-107.
Crossref
L. Chang & D.S. Grummont. 1994. Ecomaterials. Ecomaterials 1053 1056 .
Svetlana Shabalovskaya, Alexander Narmonev, Olga Ivanova & Alexej Dementjev. (1993) Electronic structure and stability of Ti-based B 2 shape-memory compounds: X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectra . Physical Review B 48:18, pages 13296-13311.
Crossref
G Bihlmayer, R Eibler & A Neckel. (1993) Electronic structure of the martensitic phases B19'-NiTi and B19-PdTi. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 5:29, pages 5083-5098.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto. (1993) Transformation behaviour of NiTi in relation to thermal cycling and deformation. Physica B: Condensed Matter 190:2-3, pages 115-120.
Crossref
Y. C. Lo & S. K. Wu. (1993) Martensitic-transformation sequence in a Ti50Ni47Pd3 alloy. Metallurgical Transactions A 24:5, pages 1205-1208.
Crossref
H. C. Lin & S. K. Wu. (1993) Determination of heat of transformation in a cold-rolled martensitic tini alloy. Metallurgical Transactions A 24:2, pages 293-299.
Crossref
Min Piao, Kazuhiro Otsuka, Shuichi Miyazaki & Hiroshi Horikawa. (1993) Mechanism of the <I>A<SUB>s</SUB></I> Temperature Increase by Pre-deformation in Thermoelastic Alloys. Materials Transactions, JIM 34:10, pages 919-929.
Crossref
G. Bihlmayer, R. Eibler & A. Neckel. (2010) Electronic Structure of B2‐NiTi and ‐PdTi. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 96:11, pages 1626-1635.
Crossref
Y.C Lo & S.K Wu. (1992) Compositional dependence of martensitic transformation sequence in Ti50Ni50 − xPdx alloys with X ≤ 15at%. Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 27:8, pages 1097-1102.
Crossref
H.C. Lin & S.K. Wu. (1992) Effects of hot rolling on the martensitic transformation of an equiatomic TiNi alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A 158:1, pages 87-91.
Crossref
L Manosa, D Rios-Jara, J Ortin, A Planes & X Bohigas. (1992) Calorimetric and ultrasonic investigation of the R-phase formation in a TiNi:Fe alloy. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 4:34, pages 7059-7066.
Crossref
Thomas A. Sandenaw. (1992) An explanation for similarities in properties of α-phase Pu and TiNi alloys. Journal of Nuclear Materials 189:3, pages 343-352.
Crossref
Y.C. Lo & S.K. Wu. (1992) Compositional dependence of martensitic transformation sequence in Ti50Ni50−xPdx alloys with X≤15at%. Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 26:12, pages 1875-1877.
Crossref
R. Kuentzler. (1992) Electronic and lattice properties of martensitic compounds: Off-stoichiometric TiNi and doped TiNi. Solid State Communications 82:12, pages 989-992.
Crossref
K. Goubaa, L. Jordan, M. Masse & G. Bouquet. (1992) Efficiency of various techniques in detecting the “R”-phase in Ni-Ti, Ni-Ti-Cu and Ni-Ti-Co shape memory alloys. Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 26:8, pages 1163-1168.
Crossref
Takashi Fukuda, Toshio Saburi, Kenji Doi & Soji Nenno. (1992) Nucleation and Self-Accommodation of the R-Phase in Ti&ndash;Ni Alloys. Materials Transactions, JIM 33:3, pages 271-277.
Crossref
Ken&rsquo;ichi Shimizu & Tsugio Tadaki. (1992) Recent Studies on the Precise Crystal-Structural Analyses of Martensitic Transformations. Materials Transactions, JIM 33:3, pages 165-177.
Crossref
A. Hedayat, J. Rechtien & K. Mukherjee. (1992) Phase transformation in carbon-coated nitinol, with application to the design of a prosthesis for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 3:1, pages 65-74.
Crossref
M. Jiménez, S. Aburto, S. Gómez, V. Marquina, M. L. Marquina & D. Ríos-Jara. (1991) Premartensitic phase transformation in a TiNiFe shape memory alloy studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Hyperfine Interactions 66:1-4, pages 345-349.
Crossref
H.C. Lin, S.K. Wu, T.S. Chou & H.P. Kao. (1991) The effects of cold rolling on the martensitic transformation of an equiatomic TiNi alloy. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 39:9, pages 2069-2080.
Crossref
S.K. Wu & H.C. Lin. (1991) The effect of precipitation hardening on the Ms temperature in a Ti49.2Ni50.8 alloy. Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 25:7, pages 1529-1532.
Crossref
H.C Lin & S.K Wu. (1991) Heat of premartensitic transformation in an aged Ti49Ni51 alloy. Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 25:6, pages 1295-1298.
Crossref
D. Stroz, Z. Bojarski, J. Ilczuk, Z. Lekston & H. Morawiec. (1991) Effect of thermal cycling on as-quenched and aged nickel-rich Ni-Ti alloy. Journal of Materials Science 26:7, pages 1741-1748.
Crossref
T. Hoshiya, S. Shimakawa, Y. Ichihashi, M. Nishikawa & K. Watanabe. (1991) Fast neutron irradiation of TiNi shape memory alloys. Journal of Nuclear Materials 179-181, pages 1119-1122.
Crossref
S. A. Shabalovskaya. (2011) On the Electronic Nature of Phase Transformations in Ti-Me Shape Memory Compounds. MRS Proceedings 246.
Crossref
Fang Yuan, Yening Wang & Huimin Shen. (1990) Study of the Incommensurate Phase in NiTi(Fe) Alloys. physica status solidi (a) 122:2, pages 517-524.
Crossref
T. Hoshiya, F. Takada, Y. Ichihashi & H.-R. Pak. (1990) Restoration phenomena of neutron-irradiated TiNi shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A 130:2, pages 185-191.
Crossref
C.Y. Xie, L.C. Zhao & T.C. Lei. (1990) Effect of Ti3Ni4 precipitates on the phase transitions in an aged Ti-51.8at% Ni shape memory alloy. Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 24:9, pages 1753-1758.
Crossref
T.A. Sandenaw & J.F. Andrew. (1990) Multiple martensitic transformations in plutonium metal and a suggested similarity in electronic behavior of plutonium metal phases and d-electron transition element alloys. Journal of Nuclear Materials 173:1, pages 59-70.
Crossref
Z.C Lin, P.C.W Fung, J.X Zhang & K.F Liang. (1990) A new phase transition phenomenon in NiTi alloy. Solid State Communications 75:5, pages 389-393.
Crossref
Jianxi Rao, Yusheng He & Ruzhang Ma. (1990) Study of phase transition in Ti50Ni47.5Fe2.5 alloy. Metallurgical Transactions A 21:5, pages 1322-1324.
Crossref
Jianxi Rao, Yusheng He & Ruzhang Ma. (1990) Study of phase transition in Ti50Ni47.5Fe2.5 alloy. Metallurgical Transactions A 21:4, pages 1322-1324.
Crossref
P.G. Lindquist & C.M. Wayman. 1990. Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys. Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys 58 68 .
S.K. Wu, H.C. Lin & T.S. Chou. (1990) A study of electrical resistivity, internal friction and shear modulus on an aged Ti49Ni51 alloy. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 38:1, pages 95-102.
Crossref
C.Y. Xie, L.C. Zhao & T.C. Lei. (1989) Effect of precipitates on the electrical resistivity-temperature curves in an aged Ti-51.8 at % Ni shape memory alloy. Scripta Metallurgica 23:12, pages 2131-2136.
Crossref
S.K. Wu, H.C. Lin & T.S. Chou. (1989) Transformation temperatures of martensite and premartensite in an aged Ti49Ni51 alloy. Scripta Metallurgica 23:12, pages 2043-2047.
Crossref
S. V. Anokhin, V. N. Grishkov & A. I. Lotkov. (1989) Martensitic transformations in Ti (Ni, Fe) alloys. Soviet Physics Journal 32:12, pages 961-964.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto. (1989) Detection of anomalous properties in a premartensitic phenomenon of NiTi enhanced by addition of aluminum. Physica B: Condensed Matter 160:2, pages 138-142.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto. (1989) Elastic anomaly in Ni50Ti48.5Al1.5. Journal of the Less Common Metals 155:1, pages L5-L8.
Crossref
S.K. Wu & C.M. Wayman. (1989) On the reciprocal lattice of the “premartensitic” R-phase in tini shape memory alloys. Acta Metallurgica 37:10, pages 2805-2813.
Crossref
Wang Weizhong, Qian Hua & Wang Zixiao. (1989) Parent phase(B2)-incommensurate phase(IC) transition in niti(Fe) alloy. Chinese Physics Letters 6:8, pages 363-365.
Crossref
P.M Ossi. (1989) Ion-induced crystal-to-glass transition in alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A 115, pages 107-121.
Crossref
Ian Folkins & M. B. Walker. (1989) Structure of incommensurate NiTi(Fe). Physical Review B 40:1, pages 255-263.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto & Hisayuki Ishiguro. (1989) Lattice constant, elastic modulus and electrical resistivity of Ni50Ti50−xAlx. Journal of the Less Common Metals 153:1, pages 57-63.
Crossref
Zhao Xingzhong, Wu Xingfang & Ko Tsun. (1989) Premartensite phase transformation in TiNi alloy. Acta Metallurgica 37:7, pages 1783-1790.
Crossref
D. Y. Li, X. F. Wu & T. Ko. (2006) The Effect of Stress on the Lattice Instability of a TiNi Alloy. physica status solidi (b) 154:1, pages 85-96.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto & Kozo Ojima. (1989) Precipitation of Ti2Ni in NiTi-3at % Al. Journal of Materials Science Letters 8:6, pages 727-728.
Crossref
Hitoshi Matsumoto. (1989) Effect of added silicon on the transformation of NiTi. Journal of Materials Science Letters 8:2, pages 232-233.
Crossref
Tae Hyun Nam, Ken&rsquo;ichi Shimizu, Toshio Saburi & Soji Nenno. (1989) Crystal Structure of a Hydride Formed by Electrochemical Hydrogenation in a Ti&ndash;Ni&ndash;Al Alloy. Materials Transactions, JIM 30:8, pages 539-548.
Crossref
V.N. Khachin. (1989) Martensitic transformation and shape memory effect in B2 intermetallic compounds of titanium. Revue de Physique Appliquée 24:7, pages 733-739.
Crossref
Avraham Cohen, Yehuda Roth & Boris Shapiro. (1988) Universal distributions and scaling in disordered systems. Physical Review B 38:17, pages 12125-12132.
Crossref
A. P. Jardine. (1988) Calorimetric measurements of transformation thermodynamics and thermal efficiencies of NiTi helices. Journal of Materials Science 23:9, pages 3314-3320.
Crossref
M. Nishida & C.M. Wayman. (1988) Electron microscopy studies of the “Premartensitic” transformations in an aged Ti-51 at%Ni shape memory alloy. Metallography 21:3, pages 255-273.
Crossref
S.K Wu, A.G Khachaturyan & C.M Wayman. (1988) Superstructure of interstitial ordering of oxygen in TiNi alloys. Acta Metallurgica 36:8, pages 2065-2070.
Crossref
H C Yi, M Zhu & D Z Yang. (1988) Theoretical determination of twin boundaries in R-phase of Ni-Ti shape memory alloys. Chinese Physics Letters 5:6, pages 281-284.
Crossref
S.K. Wu & C.M. Wayman. (1988) Interstitial ordering of hydrogen and oxygen in TiNi alloys. Acta Metallurgica 36:4, pages 1005-1013.
Crossref
S. Mendelson. (1988) Quasi-one-dimensional model of pretransitional soft mode behavior. Metallurgical Transactions A 19:4, pages 811-818.
Crossref
Y. Yamada. (1988) Modulated lattice relaxation in β-based premartensitic phase. Metallurgical Transactions A 19:4, pages 777-781.
Crossref

Displaying 200 of 235 citing articles. Use the download link below to view the full list of citing articles.

Download full citations list

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.