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Third World Quarterly Volume 38, 2017 - Issue 7
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The ‘green militarisation’ of development aid: the European Commission and the Virunga National Park, DR Congo

Esther MarijnenInstitute for European Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumCorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 1566-1582 | Received 21 Apr 2016, Accepted 12 Jan 2017, Published online: 06 Feb 2017

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Mucha Mkono, Raymond Rastegar & Lisa Ruhanen. (2023) Empowering women to protect wildlife in former hunting tourism zones: a political ecology of Akashinga, Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 31:5, pages 1090-1106.
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Christopher Day. (2020) Sister Forces: Park Rangers and Regime Security in African States. Civil Wars 22:2-3, pages 353-378.
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Alexander Dunlap. (2020) Wind, coal, and copper: the politics of land grabbing, counterinsurgency, and the social engineering of extraction. Globalizations 17:4, pages 661-682.
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Esther Marijnen & Peer Schouten. (2019) Electrifying the green peace? Electrification, conservation and conflict in Eastern Congo. Conflict, Security & Development 19:1, pages 15-34.
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Francis Massé, Elizabeth Lunstrum & Devin Holterman. (2018) Linking green militarization and critical military studies. Critical Military Studies 4:2, pages 201-221.
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Articles from other publishers (24)

Kahindo Tulizo Consolee, Xiaofeng Luan & Li Cong. (2024) Anthropogenic Pressures on Gorillas: A Case of Grauer’s Gorillas in Maiko National Park, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Diversity 16:4, pages 236.
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Annette A LaRocco & Emmanuel Mogende. (2022) Fall from grace or back down to earth? Conservation and political conflict in Africa’s “miracle” state. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 7:1, pages 22-49.
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Alexandra Thomas, Louise Gibson, Suzzanne McColl, Robbie Rae, Rob Ogden & Nick Dawnay. (2023) What is it vs Who did it? A review of the lack of human focused forensic evidence in the context of wildlife crime. Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments 4, pages 100073.
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Laura Gutierrez & Rosaleen Duffy. (2023) Harms and the Illegal Wildlife Trade: Political Ecology, Green Criminology and the European Eel. Critical Criminology.
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Juan Corredor-Garcia & Fernando López Vega. (2023) The Logic of “War on Deforestation”: A Military Response to Climate Change in the Colombian Amazon. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political.
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Esther Marijnen. (2022) Eco-war tourism: Affective geographies, colonial durabilities and the militarization of conservation. Security Dialogue 53:6, pages 550-566.
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Francis Massé. (2022) Police power in green: Furthering political ecologies of the state. Political Geography 97, pages 102627.
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Esther Marijnen. (2022) Lakes as Rebellious Landscapes: From ‘Fishing Rebels’ to ‘Fishy State Officials’ in DR Congo. Geoforum 133, pages 208-216.
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Mangenda Tshiaba Sidney, Nianxin Wang, Mehrab Nazir, Marcos Ferasso & Abeera Saeed. (2022) Continuous Effects of Green Transformational Leadership and Green Employee Creativity: A Moderating and Mediating Prospective. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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Rosaleen Duffy. (2022) Crime, Security, and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Political Ecologies of International Conservation. Global Environmental Politics 22:2, pages 23-44.
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Adam Branch, Frank Kwaku Agyei, Jok Gai Anai, Stella Laloyo Apecu, Anne Bartlett, Emily Brownell, Matteo Caravani, Connor Joseph Cavanagh, Shailaja Fennell, Stephen Langole, Mathew Bukhi Mabele, Tuyeni Heita Mwampamba, Mary Njenga, Arthur Owor, Jon Phillips & Nhial Tiitmamer. (2022) From crisis to context: Reviewing the future of sustainable charcoal in Africa. Energy Research & Social Science 87, pages 102457.
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Paul Scholte. (2022) Fifteen years of delegated protected area management in West and Central Africa: five recommendations to guide maturity. Oryx, pages 1-9.
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Esther Marijnen, Lotje de Vries & Rosaleen Duffy. (2021) Conservation in violent environments: Introduction to a special issue on the political ecology of conservation amidst violent conflict. Political Geography 87, pages 102253.
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Francis Massé & Jared D. Margulies. (2020) The geopolitical ecology of conservation: The emergence of illegal wildlife trade as national security interest and the re-shaping of US foreign conservation assistance. World Development 132, pages 104958.
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Esther Marijnen & Judith Verweijen. (2018) Pluralising Political Forests: Unpacking “the State” by Tracing Virunga's Charcoal Chain. Antipode 52:4, pages 996-1017.
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Judith Verweijen. (2020) A microdynamics approach to geographies of violence: Mapping the kill chain in militarized conservation areas. Political Geography 79, pages 102153.
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Louisa Lombard. 2020. Hunting Game. Hunting Game.
Alexander Dunlap & Jostein JakobsenAlexander Dunlap & Jostein Jakobsen. 2020. The Violent Technologies of Extraction. The Violent Technologies of Extraction 73 90 .
Andrea Moshier, Janna SteadmanDavid L. Roberts. (2019) Network analysis of a stakeholder community combatting illegal wildlife trade. Conservation Biology 33:6, pages 1307-1317.
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Charlotte Spira, Andrew E. Kirkby & Andrew J. Plumptre. (2019) Understanding ranger motivation and job satisfaction to improve wildlife protection in Kahuzi–Biega National Park, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Oryx 53:3, pages 460-468.
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Alexander Dunlap. (2019) ‘Agro sí, mina NO!’ the Tía Maria copper mine, state terrorism and social war by every means in the Tambo Valley, Peru. Political Geography 71, pages 10-25.
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Rosaleen Duffy, Francis Massé, Emile Smidt, Esther Marijnen, Bram Büscher, Judith Verweijen, Maano Ramutsindela, Trishant Simlai, Laure Joanny & Elizabeth Lunstrum. (2019) Why we must question the militarisation of conservation. Biological Conservation 232, pages 66-73.
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Annette LaRocco. 2019. EU Development Policies. EU Development Policies 55 77 .
Esther Marijnen. (2018) Public Authority and Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict: Virunga National Park as a ‘State within a State’ in Eastern Congo. Development and Change 49:3, pages 790-814.
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