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Communication Quarterly Volume 24, 1976 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

The effects of communication apprehension on nonverbal behavior

James C. McCroskey Professor and Chairman of the Department of Speech Communication, West Virginia University
Pages 39-44 | Published online: 21 May 2009

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Paul E. King & Amber N. Finn. (2017) A test of attention control theory in public speaking: cognitive load influences the relationship between state anxiety and verbal production. Communication Education 66:2, pages 168-182.
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Maedeh Tadayyon, Nourollah Zarrinabadi & Saeed Ketabi. (2016) Teachers Avoiding Learners' Avoidance: Is it Possible?. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas 89:1, pages 1-6.
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Kaitlin Hanley White, Matt C. Howard, Bu Zhong, José A. Soto, Christopher R. Perez, Elizabeth A. Lee, Nana A. Dawson-Andoh & Mark R. Minnick. (2015) The Communication Anxiety Regulation Scale: Development and Initial Validation. Communication Quarterly 63:1, pages 23-43.
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JosephP. Mazer & Scott Titsworth. (2012) Passion and Preparation in the Basic Course: The Influence of Students' Ego-Involvement with Speech Topics and Preparation Time on Public-Speaking Grades. Communication Teacher 26:4, pages 236-251.
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LisaM. Guntzviller, JakobD. Jensen, AndyJ. King & LaSharaA. Davis. (2011) The Foreign Language Anxiety in a Medical Office Scale: Developing and Validating a Measurement Tool for Spanish-Speaking Individuals. Journal of Health Communication 16:8, pages 849-869.
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JamesM. Honeycutt, CharlesW. Choi & JohnR. DeBerry. (2009) Communication Apprehension and Imagined Interactions. Communication Research Reports 26:3, pages 228-236.
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JudyC. Pearson, JeffreyT. Child & DavidH. Kahl$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2006) Preparation Meeting Opportunity: How Do College Students Prepare for Public Speeches?. Communication Quarterly 54:3, pages 351-366.
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AmberN. Finn, ChrisR. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (2003) Audience‐perceived anxiety patterns of public speakers. Communication Quarterly 51:4, pages 470-481.
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Joe Ayres, TanichyaK. Wongprasert, John Silva, Traci Story, Chia‐Fang Sandy Hsu & Darshan Sawant D.. (2001) Effects of performance visualization on employment interviews. Communication Quarterly 49:2, pages 160-171.
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Kaidren Leigh Winiecki & Joe Ayres. (1999) Communication Apprehension and Receiver Apprehension in the Workplace. Communication Quarterly 47:4, pages 430-440.
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MichaelJ. Beatty, JamesC. McCroskey & AlanD. Heisel. (1998) Communication apprehension as temperamental expression: A Communibiological paradigm. Communication Monographs 65:3, pages 197-219.
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Terri Freeman, ChrisR. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (1998) Differences in anticipatory anxiety and adaptation rate as a function of affect management strategy. Communication Research Reports 15:1, pages 17-26.
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Joe Ayres, Tanichya Keereetaweep, Pao‐En Chen & PatriciaA. Edwards. (1998) Communication apprehension and employment interviews. Communication Education 47:1, pages 1-17.
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Terri Freeman, ChrisR. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (1997) Behavioral inhibition and the attribution of public speaking state anxiety. Communication Education 46:3, pages 175-187.
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SherriL. Kelly & BrianR. Patterson. (1997) The end of the life span: Determinants of communication apprehension. Communication Research Reports 14:3, pages 356-366.
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Mike Allen & John Bourhis. (1996) The relationship of communication apprehension to communication behavior: A meta‐analysis. Communication Quarterly 44:2, pages 214-226.
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Gary Gumpert & SusanJ. Drucker. (1992) From the agora to the electronic shopping mall. Critical Studies in Mass Communication 9:2, pages 186-200.
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MichaelJ. Beatty, JeanA. Dobos, GaryL. Balfantz & AlisonY. Kuwabara. (1991) Communication apprehension, state anxiety and behavioral disruption: A causal analysis. Communication Quarterly 39:1, pages 48-57.
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Elizabeth Goering & Patricia Breidenstein‐Cutspec. (1989) The web of shyness: A network analysis of communicative correlates. Communication Research Reports 6:2, pages 111-118.
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MichaelR. Neer & W. Faye Kircher. (1989) Apprehensives’ perception of classroom factors influencing their class participation. Communication Research Reports 6:1, pages 70-77.
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Patricia Breidenstein‐Cutspec & Elizabeth Goering. (1989) Exploring cultural diversity: A network analysis of the communicative correlates of shyness within the black culture. Communication Research Reports 6:1, pages 37-46.
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Mary Hinchcliff Pelias. (1989) Communication apprehension in basic public speaking texts; an examination of contemporary textbooks. Communication Education 38:1, pages 41-53.
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Patricia Cutspec & ElizabethM. Goering. (1988) Acknowledging cultural diversity: Perceptions of shyness with in the black culture. Howard Journal of Communications 1:1, pages 75-87.
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JudeeK. Burgoon, Michael Pfau, Thomas Birk & Valerie Manusov. (1987) Nonverbal communication performance and perceptions associated with reticence: Replications and classroom implications. Communication Education 36:2, pages 119-130.
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MichaelJ. Beatty. (1987) Communication apprehension as a determinant of avoidance, withdrawal and performance anxiety. Communication Quarterly 35:2, pages 202-217.
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KnudS. Larsen & Jeff LeRoux. (1984) A study of same sex touching attitudes: Scale development and personality predictors. The Journal of Sex Research 20:3, pages 264-278.
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BruceC. McKinney. (1982) The effects of reticence on group interaction. Communication Quarterly 30:2, pages 124-128.
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SusanR. Glaser. (1981) Oral communication apprehension and avoidance: The current status of treatment research. Communication Education 30:4, pages 321-341.
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WarrenE. Watson & KarlJ. Krayer. (1980) Three levels of communication apprehension: A value profile. Southern Speech Communication Journal 46:1, pages 61-71.
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D. Thomas Porter. (1979) Communication Apprehension: Communication's Latest Artifact?. Annals of the International Communication Association 3:1, pages 241-259.
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JamesC. McCroskey. (1978) Validity of the PRCA as an index of oral communication apprehension. Communication Monographs 45:3, pages 192-203.
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MichaelJ. Beatty, RalphR. Behnke & Karin McCallum. (1978) Situational determinants of communication apprehension. Communication Monographs 45:3, pages 187-191.
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DominicA. Infante & JeanneY. Fisher. (1978) Anticipated credibility and message strategy intentions as predictors of trait and state speech anxiety. Central States Speech Journal 29:1, pages 1-10.
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JamesC. McCroskey & MichaelE. Sheahan. (1978) Communication apprehension, social preference, and social behavior in a college environment. Communication Quarterly 26:2, pages 41-45.
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John P. Garrison, William J. Seiler & Richard K. Boohar. (1977) The Effects of Talking Apprehension on Student Academic Achievement: Three Empirical Investigations in Communication-Restricted and Traditional Laboratory Classes in the Life Sciences. Annals of the International Communication Association 1:1, pages 513-524.
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Bryan Leese & Amanda M Rosen. (2024) Increasing Inclusion in Classroom Discussion: The Raised Block as a Classroom Response System in International Studies. International Studies Perspectives.
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Ahmet Tuncay ERDEM & Orhan ALAV. (2023) İletişim İsteksizliği Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik ÇalışmasıThe Unwillingness‐to‐Communicate: The Study of Adaptation to Turkish, Validity and Reliability. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 23:3, pages 1387-1404.
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Faisal Mehmood, Hamed Mahzoon, Yuichiro Yoshikawa & Hiroshi Ishiguro. (2023) Effect of having and switching multiple avatars on the operator’s right to talk and receive social support. PLOS ONE 18:10, pages e0292803.
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M. K. Sealy. (2021) Communication in the Time of COVID-19: An Examination of Imagined Interactions and Communication Apprehension During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 41:2, pages 158-186.
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Faisal Mehmood, Hamed Mahzoon, Yuichiro Yoshikawa & Hiroshi Ishiguro. (2021) Communication Apprehension and Eye Contact Anxiety in Video Conferences Involving Teleoperated Robot Avatars: A Subjective Evaluation Study. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 8.
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Joy Jones‐Carmack. (2019) Motivation to Lead: Preparing Leaders of the Future through an Understanding of Role Ambiguity and Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Leadership Studies 13:2, pages 6-22.
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Susan M. Wieczorek. (2018) Patient Engagement in Coauthored Medical Records. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 118:6, pages 361-362.
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Heather J. Carmack & Jocelyn M. DeGroot. (2016) Development and Validation of the Communication Apprehension About Death Scale. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 74:2, pages 239-259.
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Brian D. Blume, Timothy T. Baldwin & Katherine C. Ryan. (2013) Communication Apprehension: A Barrier to Students' Leadership, Adaptability, and Multicultural Appreciation. Academy of Management Learning & Education 12:2, pages 158-172.
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Dagmara Gałajda. 2013. Correspondences and Contrasts in Foreign Language Pedagogy and Translation Studies. Correspondences and Contrasts in Foreign Language Pedagogy and Translation Studies 59 70 .
Levi R. BakerDebra L. Oswald. (2010) Shyness and online social networking services. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 27:7, pages 873-889.
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Levi BakerJames K. McNulty. (2010) Shyness and Marriage: Does Shyness Shape Even Established Relationships?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 36:5, pages 665-676.
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J. F. Butler. (2016) Personality Characteristics of Subjects High and Low in Apprehension about Communication. Perceptual and Motor Skills 62:3, pages 895-898.
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NICK NYKODYM & WILLIAM N. RUUD. (2011) Intraview©: Career Development Through Business Communication. Journal of Employment Counseling 22:4, pages 161-165.
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JUDEE K. BURGOON & RANDALL J. KOPER. (1984) NONVERBAL AND RELATIONAL COMMUNICATION ASSOCIATED WITH RETICENCE. Human Communication Research 10:4, pages 601-626.
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LYNNE KELLY. (1982) A ROSE BY ANY OTHER NAME IS STILL A ROSE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RETICENCE, COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION, UNWILLINGNESS TO COMMUNICATE, AND SHYNESS. Human Communication Research 8:2, pages 99-113.
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Larry E. Pate & George E. Merker. (2016) Communication Apprehension: Implications for Management and Organizational Behavior. Journal of Management 4:2, pages 107-119.
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Michael D. Scott, James C. McCroskey & Michael E. Sheahan. (1978) Measuring Communication Apprehension. Journal of Communication 28:1, pages 104-111.
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Peter A. Andersen & Kenneth Leibowitz. (1978) The development and nature of the construct touch avoidance. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior 3:2, pages 89-106.
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JAMES C. McCROSKEY. (1977) ORAL COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION: A SUMMARY OF RECENT THEORY AND RESEARCH. Human Communication Research 4:1, pages 78-96.
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