Publication Cover
Leisure Sciences
An Interdisciplinary Journal
Volume 5, 1982 - Issue 2
133
Views
59
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Toward a behavioral theory of crowding in outdoor recreation: An evaluation and synthesis of research

Pages 109-126 | Published online: 13 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (28)

Stefanie Döringer, Florian Porst, Lena Stumpf & Marco Heurich. (2023) The Relationship between Measured Visitor Density and Perceived Crowding Revisited: Predicting Perceived Crowding in Outdoor Recreation. Leisure Sciences 0:0, pages 1-24.
Read now
Shaogang Ding, Ruishan Zhang, Yingying Liu, Pan Lu & Minnan Liu. (2023) Visitor crowding at World Heritage Sites based on tourist spatial-temporal distribution: a case study of the Master-of-Nets Garden, China. Journal of Heritage Tourism 18:5, pages 632-657.
Read now
Kyu Won Sim, Chang-Duck Koo, Tay T. R. Koo & Ho Seung Lee. (2018) An analysis on perceived crowding level reported by domestic visitors of South Korean National Parks: a multilevel ordered logit approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 23:3, pages 281-296.
Read now
Li Li, Jie Zhang, Sifeng Nian & Honglei Zhang. (2017) Tourists’ perceptions of crowding, attractiveness, and satisfaction: a second-order structural model. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 22:12, pages 1250-1260.
Read now
Judit Díaz-Sauceda, Ramon Palau-Saumell, Santiago Forgas-Coll & Javier Sánchez-García. (2015) Cross-border tourists' behavioral intentions: the Green Line of Nicosia, Cyprus. Tourism Geographies 17:5, pages 758-779.
Read now
Ramon Palau-Saumell, Santiago Forgas-Coll, Javier Sánchez-García & Lluís Prats-Planagumà. (2014) Managing dive centres: SCUBA divers' behavioural intentions. European Sport Management Quarterly 14:4, pages 422-443.
Read now
RobertC. Burns, Arne Arnberger & Eick von Ruschkowski. (2010) Social Carrying Capacity Challenges in Parks, Forests, and Protected Areas. International Journal of Sociology 40:3, pages 30-50.
Read now
Arne Arnberger, Wolfgang Haider, Renate Eder & Andreas Muhar. (2010) Modelling visitor groups' intentions to displace from an urban trail: a combined stated preference and video monitoring approach. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 53:6, pages 809-825.
Read now
Larisa Fleishman, Eran Feitelson & Ilan Salomon. (2007) Behavioral Adaptations to Crowding Disturbance: Evidence from Nature Reserves in Israel. Leisure Sciences 29:1, pages 37-52.
Read now
MichaelA. Tarrant, H. Kenneth Cordell & TamelaL. Kibler. (1997) Measuring perceived crowding for high‐density river recreation: The effects of situational conditions and personal factors. Leisure Sciences 19:2, pages 97-112.
Read now
DanielR. Williams & MichaelE. Patterson. (1996) Environmental Meaning and Ecosystem Management: Perspectives from Environmental Psychology and Human Geography . Society & Natural Resources 9:5, pages 507-521.
Read now
Michael A. Tarrant & Donald B. K. English. (1996) A Crowding-based Model of Social Carrying Capacity: Applications For Whitewater Boating Use. Journal of Leisure Research 28:3, pages 155-168.
Read now
MichaelS. Lewis, DavidW. Lime & DorothyH. Anderson. (1996) Paddle canoeists’ encounter norms in Minnesota's boundary waters canoe area wilderness. Leisure Sciences 18:2, pages 143-160.
Read now
Shannon Gibbons & EdwardJ. Ruddell. (1995) The effect of goal orientation and place dependence on select goal interferences among winter backcountry users. Leisure Sciences 17:3, pages 171-183.
Read now
EdwardJ. Ruddell & JamesH. Gramann. (1994) Goal orientation, norms, and noise‐induced conflict among recreation area users. Leisure Sciences 16:2, pages 93-104.
Read now
KathleenL. Andereck & RobertH. Becker. (1993) Perceptions of carry‐over crowding in recreation environments. Leisure Sciences 15:1, pages 25-35.
Read now
Walter F. Kuentzel & Thomas A. Heberlein. (1992) Cognitive and Behavioral Adaptations To Perceived Crowding: A Panel Study of Coping and Displacement. Journal of Leisure Research 24:4, pages 377-393.
Read now
Michael E. Patterson & William E. Hammitt. (1990) Backcountry Encounter Norms, Actual Reported Encounters, and Their Relationship to Wilderness Solitude. Journal of Leisure Research 22:3, pages 259-275.
Read now
DennisB. Propst & MargotE. Kurtzz. (1989) Perceived control/reactance: a framework for understanding leisure behaviour in natural settings. Leisure Studies 8:3, pages 241-248.
Read now
Bo Shelby, JerryJ. Vaske & ThomasA. Heberlein. (1989) Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences 11:4, pages 269-291.
Read now
TheresaN. Westover & JohnR. Collins$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (1987) Perceived crowding in recreation settings: An urban case study. Leisure Sciences 9:2, pages 87-99.
Read now
Jerry J. Vaske, Bo Shelby, Alan R. Graefe & Thomas A. Heberlein. (1986) Backcountry Encounter Norms: Theory, Method and Empirical Evidence. Journal of Leisure Research 18:3, pages 137-153.
Read now
Maureen Glancy. (1986) Participant Observation in the Recreation Setting. Journal of Leisure Research 18:2, pages 59-80.
Read now
Robert E. Manning. (1985) Crowding Norms in Backcountry Settings: A Review and Synthesis. Journal of Leisure Research 17:2, pages 75-89.
Read now
GeorgeH. Stankey & StephenF. McCool. (1984) Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, appraisal, and application. Leisure Sciences 6:4, pages 453-473.
Read now
AlanR. Graefe, JerryJ. Vaske & FredR. Kuss. (1984) Social carrying capacity: An integration and synthesis of twenty years of research. Leisure Sciences 6:4, pages 395-431.
Read now
JamesH. Gramann & RabelJ. Burdge. (1984) Crowding perception determinants at intensively developed outdoor recreation sites. Leisure Sciences 6:2, pages 167-186.
Read now
Bo Shelby, ThomasA. Heberlein, JerryJ. Vaske & Geraldine Alfano. (1983) Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activities∗ . Leisure Sciences 6:1, pages 1-14.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (31)

Tae Kyung Yoon, Ji Yong Myeong, Yuju Lee, Yun Eui Choi, Seonghun Lee, Sugwang Lee & Chaeho Byun. (2024) Are you okay with overtourism in forests? Path between crowding perception, satisfaction, and management action of trail visitors in South Korea. Forest Policy and Economics 161, pages 103184.
Crossref
Aliya Aktymbayeva, Yeldar Nuruly, Alexandr Artemyev, Aida Kaliyeva, Akmaral Sapiyeva & Zhanna Assipova. (2023) Balancing Nature and Visitors for Sustainable Development: Assessing the Tourism Carrying Capacities of Katon-Karagay National Park, Kazakhstan. Sustainability 15:22, pages 15989.
Crossref
Jordi Honey-Rosés & Oscar Zapata. (2023) Green Spaces with Fewer People Improve Self-Reported Affective Experience and Mood. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20:2, pages 1219.
Crossref
Seyyedeh Fatemeh Mousavinia. (2022) How residential density relates to social interactions? Similarities and differences of moderated mediation models in gated and non-gated communities. Land Use Policy 120, pages 106303.
Crossref
James F. Petrick, Carl Markert & Farzan Sasangohar. (2020) Stress for Success: Potential Benefits of Perceived and Actual Stress While Cruising. Journal of Travel Research 60:8, pages 1787-1801.
Crossref
Ana Beatriz Mateos, Felipe Leco & Antonio Pérez. (2020) Visitors’ Perception of the Overcrowding of a Protected Natural Area: A Case Applied to the Natural Reserve “Garganta de los Infiernos” (Caceres, Spain). Sustainability 12:22, pages 9503.
Crossref
Jan Vrána, Michal Pšurný, Ondřej Dufek & Stanislav Mokrý. (2019) Perceptual Carrying Capacity and Trade Fairs - Eye Tracking Experiment. European Journal of Business Science and Technology 5:1, pages 98-106.
Crossref
A. Kaklauskas, D. Jokubauskas, J. Cerkauskas, G. Dzemyda, I. Ubarte, D. Skirmantas, A. Podviezko & I. Simkute. (2019) Affective analytics of demonstration sites. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 81, pages 346-372.
Crossref
Bart Neuts & Dominique Vanneste. (2017) Contextual Effects on Crowding Perception: An Analysis of Antwerp and Amsterdam. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 109:3, pages 402-419.
Crossref
Ana María Luque-Gil, María Luisa Gómez-Moreno & María Angeles Peláez-Fernández. (2018) Starting to enjoy nature in Mediterranean mountains: Crowding perception and satisfaction. Tourism Management Perspectives 25, pages 93-103.
Crossref
Lucretia E. Olson, John R. Squires, Elizabeth K. Roberts, Aubrey D. Miller, Jacob S. Ivan & Mark Hebblewhite. (2017) Modeling large-scale winter recreation terrain selection with implications for recreation management and wildlife. Applied Geography 86, pages 66-91.
Crossref
Daryl McPhee. (2017) Urban Recreational Fisheries in the Australian Coastal Zone: The Sustainability Challenge. Sustainability 9:3, pages 422.
Crossref
Anita Zehrer & Frieda Raich. (2016) The impact of perceived crowding on customer satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 29, pages 88-98.
Crossref
Hsin-You Chuo & John L. Heywood. 2014. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure 57 73 .
Dennis Kalisch. (2012) Relevance of crowding effects in a coastal National Park in Germany: results from a case study on Hamburger Hallig. Journal of Coastal Conservation 16:4, pages 531-541.
Crossref
Arne Arnberger. (2012) Urban Densification and Recreational Quality of Public Urban Green Spaces—A Viennese Case Study. Sustainability 4:4, pages 703-720.
Crossref
Shih-Shuo Yeh, Leong-Man Wai Aliana & Fan-Yi Zhang. 2012. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure 63 83 .
Deborah L. Kerstetter & Kelly S. Bricker. 2012. Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research. Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research 445 462 .
Arne Arnberger, Tetsuya Aikoh, Renate Eder, Yasushi Shoji & Taro Mieno. (2010) How many people should be in the urban forest? A comparison of trail preferences of Vienna and Sapporo forest visitor segments. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 9:3, pages 215-225.
Crossref
A. Arnberger & C. Mann. (2008) Crowding in European forests: a review of recent research and implications for forest management and policy. Forestry 81:4, pages 559-571.
Crossref
Arne Arnberger & Wolfgang Haider. (2005) Social effects on crowding preferences of urban forest visitors. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 3:3-4, pages 125-136.
Crossref
Hoon Lee & Alan R Graefe. (2003) Crowding at an arts festival: extending crowding models to the frontcountry. Tourism Management 24:1, pages 1-11.
Crossref
Carolyn Whitney & Carol T. Miller. (2006) Goal Interference, Perceived Consensus, and Preferences for Conflict‐Resolution Strategies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32:4, pages 834-850.
Crossref
Chun-Yen Chang. (1997) Using computer simulation to manage the crowding problem in parks: a study. Landscape and Urban Planning 37:3-4, pages 147-161.
Crossref
ALEXANDER WILLIAMS & PEGGY TEO. (2006) RECREATIONAL CARRYING CAPACITY OF PASIR RIS RESORT, SINGAPORE. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 13:2, pages 152-166.
Crossref
Theresa N. Westover. (2016) Perceived Crowding in Recreational Settings. Environment and Behavior 21:3, pages 258-276.
Crossref
George H. Stankey. 1989. Public Places and Spaces. Public Places and Spaces 277 299 .
David G. Pitt. 1989. Public Places and Spaces. Public Places and Spaces 217 254 .
Alan R. Graefe & Jerry J. Vaske. (1987) A framework for managing quality in the tourist experience. Annals of Tourism Research 14:3, pages 390-404.
Crossref
James H. Gramann, Leo McAvoyJr.Jr., James D. Absher & Rabel J. Burdge. (2007) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMERCIAL AND RECREATIONAL USE OF NAVIGATION LOCKS ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 20:4, pages 577-582.
Crossref
Claudia Jurowski, Melinda W. Cumbow, Muzaffer Uysal & Francis P. Noe. (1995) The Effects of Instrumental and Expressive Factors on Overall Satisfaction in a Park Environment. Journal of Environmental Systems 24:1, pages 47-68.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.