Advanced search
Publication Cover
Journal of Plant Nutrition Volume 16, 1993 - Issue 5
Submit an article Journal homepage
91
Views
82
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Determination of wheat nitrogen status with a hand‐held chlorophyll meter: Influence of management practicesFootnote1

D. W. Reeves USDA‐ARS, National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, P. O. Box 3439, Auburn, Alabama, 36831–3439
,
P. L. Mask Agronomy and Soils Department, Auburn University, Alabama, 36849–5412
,
C. W. Wood Agronomy and Soils Department, Auburn University, Alabama, 36849–5412
&
D. P. Delaney Agronomy and Soils Department, Auburn University, Alabama, 36849–5412
Pages 781-796 | Published online: 21 Nov 2008

Citations (82)

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Subscribe to citation updates

Read on this site (23)

Rui Li, Junhui Chen, Yonglin Qin & Mingshou Fan. (2019) Possibility of using a SPAD chlorophyll meter to establish a normalized threshold index of nitrogen status in different potato cultivars. Journal of Plant Nutrition 42:8, pages 834-841.
Read now
M. M. Ali, Ahmed Al-Ani, Derek Eamus & Daniel K. Y. Tan. (2017) Leaf nitrogen determination using non-destructive techniques–A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition 40:7, pages 928-953.
Read now
Hadi Koohkan & Manouchehr Maftoun. (2015) Effect of Nitrogen on the Alleviation of Boron Toxicity in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.). Journal of Plant Nutrition 38:9, pages 1323-1335.
Read now
Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Salatiér Buzetti, Marcelo Andreotti, Cleiton Gredson Sabin Benett, Orivaldo Arf & Marco Eustáquio de Sá. (2014) Wheat Nitrogen Fertilization Under no Till on the Low Altitude Brazilian Cerrado. Journal of Plant Nutrition 37:11, pages 1732-1748.
Read now
Robert Norton. (2014) Combating Climate Change through Improved Agronomic Practices and Input-Use Efficiency. Journal of Crop Improvement 28:5, pages 575-618.
Read now
Uthaiwan Kanto, Kanapol Jutamanee, Yongyuth Osotsapar & Sukanya Jattupornpong. (2012) EFFECT OF SWINE MANURE EXTRACT ON LEAF NITROGEN CONCENTRATION, CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT, TOTAL POTASSIUM IN PLANT PARTS AND STARCH CONTENT IN FRESH TUBER YIELD OF CASSAVA. Journal of Plant Nutrition 35:5, pages 688-703.
Read now
C Zhao, Z Wang, J Wang, W Huang & T Guo. (2011) Early detection of canopy nitrogen deficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based on hyperspectral measurement of canopy chlorophyll status. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 39:4, pages 251-262.
Read now
E. J. Botha, B. Leblon, B. J. Zebarth & J. Watmough. (2010) Non-destructive estimation of wheat leaf chlorophyll content from hyperspectral measurements through analytical model inversion. International Journal of Remote Sensing 31:7, pages 1679-1697.
Read now
Yuan Wang, Fumin Wang, Jingfeng Huang, Xiuzhen Wang & Zhanyu Liu. (2009) Validation of artificial neural network techniques in the estimation of nitrogen concentration in rape using canopy hyperspectral reflectance data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 30:17, pages 4493-4505.
Read now
B.S. Tubaña, D.B. Arnall, S.L. Holtz, J.B. Solie, K. Girma & W.R. Raun. (2008) Effect of Treating Field Spatial Variability in Winter Wheat at Different Resolutions. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31:11, pages 1975-1998.
Read now
Adrián P. León, Sonia Z. Viña, Diana Frezza, Alicia Chaves & Angel Chiesa. (2007) Estimation of Chlorophyll Contents by Correlations between SPAD‐502 Meter and Chroma Meter in Butterhead Lettuce. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 38:19-20, pages 2877-2885.
Read now
Francesco Montemurro, Grazia Convertini & Donato Ferri. (2007) Nitrogen Application in Winter Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Conditions: Effects on Nitrogen Uptake, Utilization Efficiency, and Soil Nitrogen Deficit. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30:10, pages 1681-1703.
Read now
P. Debaeke, P. Rouet & E. Justes. (2006) Relationship Between the Normalized SPAD Index and the Nitrogen Nutrition Index: Application to Durum Wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition 29:1, pages 75-92.
Read now
Ana Carla Madeira & Amarilis de Varennes. (2005) Use of Chlorophyll Meter to Assess the Effect of Nitrogen on Sweet Pepper Development and Growth. Journal of Plant Nutrition 28:7, pages 1133-1144.
Read now
Mercedes Zubillaga & Susana Urricariet. (2005) Assessment of Nitrogen Status in Wheat Using Aerial Photography. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36:13-14, pages 1787-1798.
Read now
Franc Bavec & Martina Bavec. (2001) Chlorophyll meter readings of winter wheat cultivars and grain yield prediction. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 32:17-18, pages 2709-2719.
Read now
Bernt Olav Hoel. (1998) Use of a hand‐held chlorophyll meter in winter wheat: Evaluation of different measuring positions on the leaves. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 48:4, pages 222-228.
Read now
B. L. Ma & L. M. Dwyer. (1997) Determination of nitrogen status in maize senescing leaves. Journal of Plant Nutrition 20:1, pages 1-8.
Read now
R. V. Kantety, Edzard van Santen, F. M. Woods & C. W. Wood. (1996) Chlorophyll meter predicts nitrogen status of tall fescue. Journal of Plant Nutrition 19:6, pages 881-889.
Read now
R. M. Waskom, D. G. Westfall, D. E. Spellman & P. N. Soltanpour. (1996) Monitoring nitrogen status of corn with a portable chlorophyll meter. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 27:3-4, pages 545-560.
Read now
M.P. Westcott & J. M. Wraith. (1995) Correlation of leaf chlorophyll readings and stem nitrate concentrations in peppermint. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26:9-10, pages 1481-1490.
Read now
D. W. Reeves, H. H. Rogers, S. A. Prior, C. W. Wood & G. B. Runion. (1994) Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide effects on sorghum and soybean nutrient status . Journal of Plant Nutrition 17:11, pages 1939-1954.
Read now
R. MUNDEN, P. J. CURRAN & J. A. CATT. (1994) The relationship between red edge and chlorophyll concentration in the Broadbalk winter wheat experiment at Rothamsted. International Journal of Remote Sensing 15:3, pages 705-709.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (59)

Randi Noel, Michael J. Schueller & Richard A. Ferrieri. (2024) Radiocarbon Flux Measurements Provide Insight into Why a Pyroligneous Acid Product Stimulates Plant Growth. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25:8, pages 4207.
Crossref
Raphaël Paut, Pierre Lebreton, Jean-Marc Meynard, Jean-Baptiste Gratecap, Annie Le Gall, Maeva Weens, Honorine Gabriel, Vincent Moulin, Christophe Bersonnet, Bernard Verbeque, Michel Bonnefoy, Ricardo Bidegain, Joël Lorgeoux & Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy. (2024) On-farm assessment of an innovative dynamic fertilization method to improve nitrogen recovery in winter wheat. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems.
Crossref
Quan Yin, Yuting Zhang, Weilong Li, Jianjun Wang, Weiling Wang, Irshad Ahmad, Guisheng Zhou & Zhongyang Huo. (2023) Better Inversion of Wheat Canopy SPAD Values before Heading Stage Using Spectral and Texture Indices Based on UAV Multispectral Imagery. Remote Sensing 15:20, pages 4935.
Crossref
Florin Sala & Mihai Valentin Herbei. (2023) Evaluation of Different Methods and Models for Grass Cereals’ Production Estimation: Case Study in Wheat. Agronomy 13:6, pages 1500.
Crossref
Olga S. Walsh, Juliet M. Marshall, Eva Nambi, Chad A. Jackson, Emmanuella Owusu Ansah, Ritika Lamichhane, Jordan McClintick-Chess & Francisco Bautista. (2023) Wheat Yield and Protein Estimation with Handheld and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Mounted Sensors. Agronomy 13:1, pages 207.
Crossref
Dennis M.W. Ochieno. (2022) Comparative effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on Radopholus similis infection in East African highland banana plants as influenced by rhizosphere biota. Scientific African 17, pages e01320.
Crossref
Dennis M. W. Ochieno. (2022) Soil Microbes Determine Outcomes of Pathogenic Interactions Between Radopholus similis and Fusarium oxysporum V5w2 in Tissue Culture Banana Rhizospheres Starved of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 6.
Crossref
Chandan Roy, Tirthartha Chattopadhyay, Rakesh Deo Ranjan, Wahid Ul Hasan, Abhishek Kumar & Nitish De. (2021) Association of leaf chlorophyll content with the stay-green trait and grain yield in wheat grown under heat stress conditions. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 57:4, pages 140-148.
Crossref
Md Mostafizur Rahman, Md Ruhul Amin Mintu, Ahmad Humayan Kabir & Md Firoz Alam. (2021) Genotypic screening of wheat and their physiological responses under lead toxicity. Plant Science Today 8:3.
Crossref
Rafael Gómez-Kosky, Pablo Machado Armas, Midiala Bermúdez Calimano, Aydiloide Bernal Villegas, Yaimi Otero, Dunia Núñez Jaramillo, Jercy Álvarez Ferreiro, Dion D. Daniels & Laisyn Posada Pérez. (2020) Effect of Phloroglucinol on in Vitro Rooting of Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. cv C90-469). Sugar Tech 23:2, pages 466-471.
Crossref
Hiroto Yamashita, Rei Sonobe, Yuhei Hirono, Akio Morita & Takashi Ikka. (2020) Dissection of hyperspectral reflectance to estimate nitrogen and chlorophyll contents in tea leaves based on machine learning algorithms. Scientific Reports 10:1.
Crossref
Ali M. Ali, S.M. Ibrahim & Bijay-Singh. (2020) Wheat grain yield and nitrogen uptake prediction using atLeaf and GreenSeeker portable optical sensors at jointing growth stage. Information Processing in Agriculture 7:3, pages 375-383.
Crossref
Jie Li, Yuehua Feng, Xiaoke Wang, Jinfeng Peng, Dinghua Yang, Guiling Xu, Qiangxin Luo, Lingli Wang, Da Ou & Wei Su. (2020) Stability and applicability of the leaf value model for variable nitrogen application based on SPAD value in rice. PLOS ONE 15:6, pages e0233735.
Crossref
Avjinder S. Kaler, Hussein Abdel-Haleem, Felix B. Fritschi, Jason D. Gillman, Jeffery D. Ray, James R. Smith & Larry C. Purcell. (2020) Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Dark Green Color Index using a Diverse Panel of Soybean Accessions. Scientific Reports 10:1.
Crossref
Rafael Gómez-Kosky, Dunia Núñez Jaramillo, Carlos Reyes Esquiro, Aydiloide Bernal Villegas, Midiala Bermúdez Calimano, Pablo Machado Armas, Jercy Álvarez Ferreiro, Emma Pineda, Bulent Kukurtcu & Dion D. Daniels. (2019) Effect of VIUSID Agro® and FitoMas-E® on the Ex Vitro Acclimatization of Sugarcane Plants (Saccharum spp.) Cultivar C90-469. Sugar Tech 22:1, pages 42-51.
Crossref
Erdal Erbil & Mehmet Atilla Gür. (2017) Fizyolojik ve Morfolojik Parametreler Kullanarak Bazı İleri Soya (Glycine max. L.) Hatlarının Şanlıurfa İkinci Ürün Koşullarında Verim Özellikleri Yönünden Performanslarının Araştırılması. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, pages 480-493.
Crossref
Clémence Ravier, Miguel Quemada & Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy. (2017) Use of a chlorophyll meter to assess nitrogen nutrition index during the growth cycle in winter wheat. Field Crops Research 214, pages 73-82.
Crossref
Giao N. Nguyen, Joe Panozzo, German Spangenberg & Surya Kant. (2016) Phenotyping approaches to evaluate nitrogen-use efficiency related traits of diverse wheat varieties under field conditions. Crop and Pasture Science 67:11, pages 1139.
Crossref
Nicola Tomasi, Roberto Pinton, Stefano Gottardi, Tanja Mimmo, Matteo Scampicchio & Stefano Cesco. (2015) Selenium fortification of hydroponically grown corn salad (Valerianella locusta). Crop and Pasture Science 66:11, pages 1128.
Crossref
Hong-li ZHENG, Yan-chun LIU, Yong-lin QIN, Yang CHEN & Ming-shou FAN. (2015) Establishing dynamic thresholds for potato nitrogen status diagnosis with the SPAD chlorophyll meter. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14:1, pages 190-195.
Crossref
François Gastal, Gilles Lemaire, Jean-Louis Durand & Gaëtan Louarn. 2015. Crop Physiology. Crop Physiology 161 206 .
Baoping Zhao, Bao‐Luo Ma, Yuegao Hu & Jinghui Liu. (2014) Characterization of nitrogen and water status in oat leaves using optical sensing approach. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 95:2, pages 367-378.
Crossref
Guangyao Wang, Kevin F. Bronson, Kelly R. Thorp, Jarai Mon & Mohammad Badaruddin. (2014) Multiple Leaf Measurements Improve Effectiveness of Chlorophyll Meter for Durum Wheat Nitrogen Management. Crop Science 54:2, pages 817-826.
Crossref
Wei FENG, Xiao LI, Yong-Hua WANG, Chen-Yang WANG & Tian-Cai GUO. (2013) Difference of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Leaves at Different Positions and Its Relationship with Nitrogen Content in Winter Wheat Plant. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 38:4, pages 657-664.
Crossref
Stefano Gottardi, Francesco Iacuzzo, Nicola Tomasi, Giovanni Cortella, Lara Manzocco, Roberto Pinton, Volker Römheld, Tanja Mimmo, Matteo Scampicchio, Luisa Dalla Costa & Stefano Cesco. (2012) Beneficial effects of silicon on hydroponically grown corn salad (Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr) plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 56, pages 14-23.
Crossref
Juanjuan Zhu, Nicolas Tremblay & Yinli Liang. (2012) Comparing SPAD and atLEAF values for chlorophyll assessment in crop species. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92:4, pages 645-648.
Crossref
Varinderpal-Singh, Bijay-Singh, Yadvinder-Singh, H.S. Thind, Gobinder-Singh, Satwinderjit-Kaur, Ajay Kumar & Monika Vashistha. (2012) Establishment of threshold leaf colour greenness for need-based fertilizer nitrogen management in irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using leaf colour chart. Field Crops Research 130, pages 109-119.
Crossref
Gustavo Brunetto, Gustavo Trentin, Carlos Alberto Ceretta, Eduardo Girotto, Felipe Lorensini, Alcione Miotto, Glaucia Regina Zaferi Moser & George Wellington de Melo. (2012) Use of the SPAD-502 in Estimating Nitrogen Content in Leaves and Grape Yield in Grapevines in Soils with Different Texture. American Journal of Plant Sciences 03:11, pages 1546-1561.
Crossref
Lara Manzocco, Martina Foschia, Nicola Tomasi, Michela Maifreni, Luisa Dalla Costa, Marilena Marino, Giovanni Cortella & Stefano Cesco. (2011) Influence of hydroponic and soil cultivation on quality and shelf life of ready-to-eat lamb's lettuce ( Valerianella locusta L. Laterr) . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91:8, pages 1373-1380.
Crossref
Noura Ziadi, Gilles Bélanger, Annie Claessens, Louis Lefebvre, Nicolas Tremblay, Athyna N. Cambouris, Michel C. Nolin & Léon‐Étienne Parent. (2010) Plant‐Based Diagnostic Tools for Evaluating Wheat Nitrogen Status. Crop Science 50:6, pages 2580-2590.
Crossref
Fen Fang Lin, Le Feng Qiu, Jing Song Deng, Yuan Yuan Shi, Li Su Chen & Ke Wang. (2010) Investigation of SPAD meter-based indices for estimating rice nitrogen status. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 71, pages S60-S65.
Crossref
Stanislaw Marek Samborski, Nicolas Tremblay & Edith Fallon. (2009) Strategies to Make Use of Plant Sensors‐Based Diagnostic Information for Nitrogen Recommendations. Agronomy Journal 101:4, pages 800-816.
Crossref
María J. Poblaciones, Luis López-Bellido & Rafael J. López-Bellido. (2009) Field estimation of technological bread-making quality in wheat. Field Crops Research 112:2-3, pages 253-259.
Crossref
C.W. Muthuri, C.K. Ong, J. Craigon, B.M. Mati, V.W. Ngumi & C.R. Black. (2009) Gas exchange and water use efficiency of trees and maize in agroforestry systems in semi-arid Kenya. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 129:4, pages 497-507.
Crossref
Gilles Lemaire & François Gastal. 2009. Crop Physiology. Crop Physiology 171 211 .
Arthur P. Cracknell, Costas A. Varotsos & Vladimir F. KrapivinJadunandan Dash, Paul J. Curran & Giles M. Foody. 2009. Global Climatology and Ecodynamics. Global Climatology and Ecodynamics 77 105 .
Richard H. Fox & Charles L. Walthall. 2008. Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems. Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems 647 674 .
Gilles Lemaire, Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy & François Gastal. (2008) Diagnosis tool for plant and crop N status in vegetative stage. European Journal of Agronomy 28:4, pages 614-624.
Crossref
Lorène Prost & Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy. (2007) Replacing the nitrogen nutrition index by the chlorophyll meter to assess wheat N status. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 27:4, pages 321-330.
Crossref
Ravi P. Sripada, Dianne C. Farrer, Randy Weisz, Ronnie W. Heiniger & Jeffrey G. White. (2007) Aerial Color Infrared Photography to Optimize In‐Season Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendations in Winter Wheat. Agronomy Journal 99:6, pages 1424-1435.
Crossref
P.D.R. Van Heerden, M. De Beer, D.J. Mellet, H.S. Maphike & W. Foit. (2007) Growth media effects on shoot physiology, nodule numbers and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean. South African Journal of Botany 73:4, pages 600-605.
Crossref
Vianney Houlès, Martine Guérif & Bruno Mary. (2007) Elaboration of a nitrogen nutrition indicator for winter wheat based on leaf area index and chlorophyll content for making nitrogen recommendations. European Journal of Agronomy 27:1, pages 1-11.
Crossref
F. B. Fritschi & J. D. Ray. (2007) Soybean leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll a/b ratio. Photosynthetica 45:1, pages 92-98.
Crossref
Ramesh Gautam, Suranjan Panigrahi & David Franzen. (2006) Neural Network Optimisation of Remotely Sensed Maize Leaf Nitrogen with a Genetic Algorithm and Linear Programming using Five Performance Parameters. Biosystems Engineering 95:3, pages 359-370.
Crossref
Bradford D. Brown & Steven Petrie. (2006) Irrigated hard winter wheat response to fall, spring, and late season applied nitrogen. Field Crops Research 96:2-3, pages 260-268.
Crossref
L.M. Arregui, B. Lasa, A. Lafarga, I. Irañeta, E. Baroja & M. Quemada. (2006) Evaluation of chlorophyll meters as tools for N fertilization in winter wheat under humid Mediterranean conditions. European Journal of Agronomy 24:2, pages 140-148.
Crossref
Marianne Le Bail, Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy, Christine Bouchard & Aude Barbottin. (2005) Is it possible to forecast the grain quality and yield of different varieties of winter wheat from Minolta SPAD meter measurements?. European Journal of Agronomy 23:4, pages 379-391.
Crossref
Lisandro Rambo, Paulo Regis Ferreira da Silva, Gilber Argenta & Luís Sangoi. (2004) Parâmetros de planta para aprimorar o manejo da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura em milho. Ciência Rural 34:5, pages 1637-1645.
Crossref
Michael Flowers, Randall Weisz & Ronnie Heiniger. (2003) Quantitative Approaches for Using Color Infrared Photography for Assessing In‐Season Nitrogen Status in Winter Wheat. Agronomy Journal 95:5, pages 1189-1200.
Crossref
Scott X. Chang & Daniel J. Robison. (2003) Nondestructive and rapid estimation of hardwood foliar nitrogen status using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. Forest Ecology and Management 181:3, pages 331-338.
Crossref
N. Gáborčík. (2003) Relationship between Contents of Chlorophyll (a+b) (SPAD values) and Nitrogen of Some Temperate Grasses. Photosynthetica 41:2, pages 285-287.
Crossref
A. Honěk & Z. Martinková. (2002) Factors of between‐ and within‐plant distribution of Metopolophium dirhodum (Hom., Aphididae) on small grain cereals . Journal of Applied Entomology 126:7-8, pages 378-383.
Crossref
X. Pang, D.H. Wang, X.Y. Xing, A. Peng, F.S. Zhang & C.J. Li. (2002) Effect of La3+ on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in wheat seedlings under lead stress in solution culture. Chemosphere 47:10, pages 1033-1039.
Crossref
Gilber Argenta, Paulo Regis Ferreira da Silva & Clayton Giani Bortolini. (2001) Clorofila na folha como indicador do nível de nitrogênio em cereais. Ciência Rural 31:4, pages 715-722.
Crossref
M. Weiss, D. Troufleau, F. Baret, H. Chauki, L. Prévot, A. Olioso, N. Bruguier & N. Brisson. (2001) Coupling canopy functioning and radiative transfer models for remote sensing data assimilation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 108:2, pages 113-128.
Crossref
R. C. Nageswara Rao, H. S. Talwar & G. C. Wright. (2001) Rapid Assessment of Specific Leaf Area and Leaf Nitrogen in Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) using a Chlorophyll Meter . Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 186:3, pages 175-182.
Crossref
William R. Raun, John B. Solie, Gordon V. Johnson, Marvin L. Stone, Erna V. Lukina, Wade E. Thomason & James S. Schepers. (2001) In‐Season Prediction of Potential Grain Yield in Winter Wheat Using Canopy Reflectance. Agronomy Journal 93:1, pages 131-138.
Crossref
GILBER ARGENTA, PAULO REGIS FERREIRA DA SILVA, CLAYTON GIANI BORTOLINI, EVERTON LEONARDO FORSTHOFER & MÉRCIO LUIZ STRIEDER. (2001) Relação da leitura do clorofilômetro com os teores de clorofila extraível e de nitrogênio na folha de milho. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal 13:2, pages 158-167.
Crossref
J Hatfield & B StewartA Sharpley, J Meisinger, A Breeuwsma, J Sims, T Daniel & J Schepers. 1997. Animal Waste Utilization. Animal Waste Utilization 173 242 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.