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Journal of Sports Sciences Volume 29, 2011 - Issue 11
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Heat acclimation improves intermittent sprinting in the heat but additional pre-cooling offers no further ergogenic effect

Paul Castle Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UKCorrespondence[email protected]
,
Richard W. Mackenzie Department of Human Biosciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
,
Neil Maxwell Chelsea School, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
,
Anthony D.J. Webborn The Sussex Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
&
Peter W. Watt Chelsea School, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
Pages 1125-1134 | Accepted 20 Apr 2011, Published online: 21 Jul 2011

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Takashi Naito, Miki Haramura, Koji Muraishi, Misa Yamazaki & Hideyuki Takahashi. (2022) Cooling during short-term heat acclimation enhances aerobic capacity but not sweat capacity. European Journal of Sport Science 22:4, pages 579-588.
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Lorenz S. Kissling, Ashley P. Akerman & James D. Cotter. (2020) Heat-induced hypervolemia: Does the mode of acclimation matter and what are the implications for performance at Tokyo 2020?. Temperature 7:2, pages 129-148.
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Oliver R. Gibson, Carl A. James, Jessica A. Mee, Ashley G.B. Willmott, Gareth Turner, Mark Hayes & Neil S. Maxwell. (2020) Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines. Temperature 7:1, pages 3-36.
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Cory Miles, Brad Mayo, C. Martyn Beaven, Daniel T. McMaster, Stacy T. Sims, Kim Hébert-Losier & Matthew Driller. (2019) Resistance training in the heat improves strength in professional rugby athletes. Science and Medicine in Football 3:3, pages 198-204.
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Daniel M. Duvnjak-Zaknich, Karen E. Wallman, Brian T. Dawson & Peter Peeling. (2019) Continuous and intermittent heat acclimation and decay in team sport athletes. European Journal of Sport Science 19:3, pages 295-304.
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Ben J Lee, Neil D Clarke, Joanne Hankey & Charles D Thake. (2018) Whole body precooling attenuates the extracellular HSP72, IL-6 and IL-10 responses after an acute bout of running in the heat. Journal of Sports Sciences 36:4, pages 414-421.
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Sébastien Racinais, Scott Cocking & Julien D. Périard. (2017) Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up. Temperature 4:3, pages 227-257.
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Carly Brade, Brian Dawson & Karen Wallman. (2013) Effect of precooling and acclimation on repeat-sprint performance in heat. Journal of Sports Sciences 31:7, pages 779-786.
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Mark Hayes, Drew Smith, PaulC. Castle, PeterW. Watt, EmmaZ. Ross & NeilS. Maxwell. (2013) Peak power output provides the most reliable measure of performance in prolonged intermittent-sprint cycling. Journal of Sports Sciences 31:5, pages 565-572.
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Articles from other publishers (43)

Julian Andro P. Ramos, Kagan J. Ducker, Hugh Riddell, Olivier Girard, Grant J. Landers & Carly J. Brade. (2024) Mixed-Method Precooling Enhances Self-Paced 20-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance When Apparent Temperature Is >46 °C but May Not Be a Priority in <46 °C. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 19:5, pages 435-442.
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Marcelo T. Andrade, Samuel P. Wanner, Weslley M.e. Santos, Thiago T. Mendes, Matheus M.S. Nunes-Leite, Gustavo G.A. de Oliveira, Adriano A.L. Carmo, Moisés V. Carvalho, Emerson Silami Garcia & Danusa D. Soares. (2024) Ad libitum ice slurry ingestion and half-marathon performance in a hot environment: A study comparing the effects of the amount and moment of ingestion between ice slurry and water at 37 °C. Journal of Thermal Biology 119, pages 103781.
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Dongting Jiang, Qiuyu Yu, Meng Liu & Jinjin Dai. (2023) Effects of different external cooling placements prior to and during exercise on athletic performance in the heat: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology 13.
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Jake Shaw, Cory Walkington, Edward Cole, Damien O. Gleadall-Siddall, Rachel Burke, James Bray, Andrew J. Simpson, Rebecca V. Vince & Andrew T. Garrett. (2022) Effectiveness of short-term isothermic-heat acclimation (4 days) on physical performance in moderately trained males. PLOS ONE 17:11, pages e0270093.
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Wei Zhang, Shoupeng Ren & Xinyan Zheng. (2022) Effect of 3 min whole-body and lower limb cold water immersion on subsequent performance of agility, sprint, and intermittent endurance exercise. Frontiers in Physiology 13.
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Michelle M. Saillant, Nisha Charkoudian & Roy M. Salgado. (2022) Individual variability in achievement of short-term heat acclimation during a fixed intensity protocol. Journal of Thermal Biology, pages 103373.
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Alice Wallett, Andrew McKune, David Pyne, David Bishop, Olivier Girard, Philo Saunders & Julien Périard. (2022) Repeated-Sprint Exercise in the Heat Increases Indirect Markers of Gastrointestinal Damage in Well-Trained Team-Sport Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 32:3, pages 153-162.
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Erik D. Hanson, Matthew B. Cooke, Mitchell J. Anderson, Tracey Gerber, Jessica A. Danaher & Christos G. Stathis. (2022) Heat Acclimation with or without Normobaric Hypoxia Exposure Leads to Similar Improvements in Endurance Performance in the Heat. Sports 10:5, pages 69.
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SV Sedochenko & AV Chernykh. (2021) Analysis of Changes in Thermoregulatory Adaptation of College Athletes Following Cold Exposure Training. ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT, pages 53-60.
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Julien D. Périard, Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels & Hein A. M. Daanen. (2021) Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies. Physiological Reviews 101:4, pages 1873-1979.
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Cameron M. Gee, Melissa A. Lacroix, Wendy A. Pethick, Patrick Côté, Trent Stellingwerff & Christopher R. West. (2021) Cardiovascular responses to heat acclimatisation in athletes with spinal cord injury. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 24:8, pages 756-762.
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Tze-Huan Lei & Faming Wang. (2021) Looking ahead of 2021 Tokyo Summer Olympic Games: How Does Humid Heat Affect Endurance Performance? Insight into physiological mechanism and heat-related illness prevention strategies. Journal of Thermal Biology 99, pages 102975.
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Ilona Pokora, Ewa Sadowska-Krępa, Łukasz Wolowski, Piotr Wyderka, Anna Michnik & Zofia Drzazga. (2021) The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:13, pages 6906.
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Hui C. Choo, Jeremiah J. Peiffer, Joel W. J. Pang, Frankie H. Y. Tan, Abdul Rashid Aziz, Mohammed Ihsan, Jason K. W. Lee & Chris R. Abbiss. (2020) Effect of regular precooling on adaptation to training in the heat. European Journal of Applied Physiology 120:5, pages 1143-1154.
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Rodrigo Rodrigues. 2020. Neurological Modulation of Sleep. Neurological Modulation of Sleep 275 284 .
Courteney Leigh Benjamin, Yasuki Sekiguchi, Lauren Amanda Fry & Douglas James Casa. (2019) Performance Changes Following Heat Acclimation and the Factors That Influence These Changes: Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Frontiers in Physiology 10.
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G. Thomas, T. Cullen, M. Davies, C. Hetherton, B. Duncan & N. Gerrett. (2019) Independent or simultaneous lowering of core and skin temperature has no impact on self-paced intermittent running performance in hot conditions. European Journal of Applied Physiology 119:8, pages 1841-1853.
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O. R. Gibson, J. G. Wrightson & M. Hayes. (2018) Intermittent sprint performance in the heat is not altered by augmenting thermal perception via L-menthol or capsaicin mouth rinses. European Journal of Applied Physiology 119:3, pages 653-664.
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Katie Slattery & Aaron J. Coutts. 2019. Heat Stress in Sport and Exercise. Heat Stress in Sport and Exercise 181 202 .
Carl A. James, Alan J. RichardsonPeter W. WattAshley G.B. WillmottOliver R. Gibson & Neil S. Maxwell. (2018) Short-Term Heat Acclimation and Precooling, Independently and Combined, Improve 5-km Time Trial Performance in the Heat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 32:5, pages 1366-1375.
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Matthew Zimmermann, Grant Landers, Karen Wallman & Georgina Kent. (2018) Precooling With Crushed Ice: As Effective as Heat Acclimation at Improving Cycling Time-Trial Performance in the Heat. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13:2, pages 228-234.
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Ben J. Lee & Charles D. Thake. (2017) Heat and Hypoxic Acclimation Increase Monocyte Heat Shock Protein 72 but Do Not Attenuate Inflammation following Hypoxic Exercise. Frontiers in Physiology 8.
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Carl A. JamesAlan J. RichardsonPeter W. WattAshley G.B. WillmottOliver R. GibsonNeil S. Maxwell. (2017) Short-term heat acclimation improves the determinants of endurance performance and 5-km running performance in the heat. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42:3, pages 285-294.
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C. Schmit, Y. Le Meur, R. Duffield, P. Robach, N. Oussedik, A. J. Coutts & C. Hausswirth. (2015) Heat‐acclimatization and pre‐cooling: a further boost for endurance performance?. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 27:1, pages 55-65.
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Christopher J. Tyler, Tom Reeve, Gary J. Hodges & Stephen S. Cheung. (2016) The Effects of Heat Adaptation on Physiology, Perception and Exercise Performance in the Heat: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine 46:11, pages 1699-1724.
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Ben J. Lee, Amanda Miller, Rob S. James & Charles D. Thake. (2016) Cross Acclimation between Heat and Hypoxia: Heat Acclimation Improves Cellular Tolerance and Exercise Performance in Acute Normobaric Hypoxia. Frontiers in Physiology 7.
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Geoffrey M Minett, Melissa Skein, Francois Bieuzen, Ian B Stewart, David N Borg, Aaron JE Bach & Joseph T Costello. (2016) Heat acclimation for protection from exertional heat stress. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
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Brianna Larsen, Rod Snow, Grace Vincent, Jacqueline Tran, Alexander Wolkow & Brad Aisbett. (2015) Multiple Days of Heat Exposure on Firefighters’ Work Performance and Physiology. PLOS ONE 10:9, pages e0136413.
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S Racinais, J M Alonso, A J Coutts, A D Flouris, O Girard, J González-Alonso, C Hausswirth, O Jay, J K W Lee, N Mitchell, G P Nassis, L Nybo, B M Pluim, B Roelands, M N Sawka, J Wingo & J D Périard. (2015) Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat. British Journal of Sports Medicine 49:18, pages 1164-1173.
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Sébastien Racinais, Juan-Manuel Alonso, Aaron J. Coutts, Andreas D. Flouris, Olivier Girard, José González-Alonso, Christophe Hausswirth, Ollie Jay, Jason K. W. Lee, Nigel Mitchell, George P. Nassis, Lars Nybo, Babette M. Pluim, Bart Roelands, Michael N. Sawka, Jonathan Wingo & Julien D. Périard. (2015) Consensus Recommendations on Training and Competing in the Heat. Sports Medicine 45:7, pages 925-938.
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S. Racinais, J. M. Alonso, A. J. Coutts, A. D. Flouris, O. Girard, J. González‐Alonso, C. Hausswirth, O. Jay, J. K. W. Lee, N. Mitchell, G. P. Nassis, L. Nybo, B. M. Pluim, B. Roelands, M. N. Sawka, J. E. Wingo & J. D. Périard. (2015) Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 25:S1, pages 6-19.
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O. Girard, F. Brocherie & D. J. Bishop. (2015) Sprint performance under heat stress: A review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 25:S1, pages 79-89.
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O. R. Gibson, J. A. Mee, L. Taylor, J. A. Tuttle, P. W. Watt & N. S. Maxwell. (2015) Isothermic and fixed‐intensity heat acclimation methods elicit equal increases in Hsp72 mRNA . Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 25:S1, pages 259-268.
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Oliver R. Gibson, Jessica A. Mee, James A. Tuttle, Lee Taylor, Peter W. Watt & Neil S. Maxwell. (2015) Isothermic and fixed intensity heat acclimation methods induce similar heat adaptation following short and long-term timescales. Journal of Thermal Biology 49-50, pages 55-65.
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Joshua H. Guy, Glen B. Deakin, Andrew M. Edwards, Catherine M. Miller & David B. Pyne. (2014) Adaptation to Hot Environmental Conditions: An Exploration of the Performance Basis, Procedures and Future Directions to Optimise Opportunities for Elite Athletes. Sports Medicine 45:3, pages 303-311.
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Ben J. Lee, Richard W. A. Mackenzie, Valerie Cox, Rob S. James & Charles D. Thake. (2015) Human Monocyte Heat Shock Protein 72 Responses to Acute Hypoxic Exercise after 3 Days of Exercise Heat Acclimation. BioMed Research International 2015, pages 1-15.
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Christopher James Tyler, Caroline Sunderland & Stephen S Cheung. (2015) The effect of cooling prior to and during exercise on exercise performance and capacity in the heat: a meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 49:1, pages 7-13.
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Jo Corbett, Rebecca A. Neal, Heather C. Lunt & Michael J. Tipton. (2014) Adaptation to Heat and Exercise Performance Under Cooler Conditions: A New Hot Topic. Sports Medicine 44:10, pages 1323-1331.
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Samuel Chalmers, Adrian Esterman, Roger Eston, K. Jane Bowering & Kevin Norton. (2014) Short-Term Heat Acclimation Training Improves Physical Performance: A Systematic Review, and Exploration of Physiological Adaptations and Application for Team Sports. Sports Medicine 44:7, pages 971-988.
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Mark Hayes, Paul C. Castle, Emma Z. Ross & Neil S. Maxwell. (2014) The Influence of Hot Humid and Hot Dry Environments on Intermittent-Sprint Exercise Performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9:3, pages 387-396.
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Alexis R. Mauger, Lee Taylor, Christopher Harding, Benjamin Wright, Josh Foster & Paul C. Castle. (2013) Acute acetaminophen (paracetamol) ingestion improves time to exhaustion during exercise in the heat. Experimental Physiology 99:1, pages 164-171.
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Paul C. Castle, B. Pasan Kularatne, John Brewer, Alexis R. Mauger, Ross A. Austen, James A. Tuttle, Nick Sculthorpe, Richard W. Mackenzie, Neil S. Maxwell & Anthony D. J. Webborn. (2012) Partial heat acclimation of athletes with spinal cord lesion. European Journal of Applied Physiology 113:1, pages 109-115.
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Brian Dawson. (2012) Repeated-Sprint Ability: Where Are We?. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 7:3, pages 285-289.
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