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Original Articles

The time-course of visual threat processing: High trait anxious individuals eventually avert their gaze from angry faces

Pages 837-844 | Published online: 09 Sep 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Sonia Milani, Jia Yu Zhang, Bozena Zdaniuk, Anthony Bogaert, Gerulf Rieger & Lori A. Brotto. (2023) Examining Visual Attention Patterns among Asexual and Heterosexual Individuals. The Journal of Sex Research 60:2, pages 271-281.
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Yunying Dong, Alain De Beuckelaer, Liang Yu & Renlai Zhou. (2017) Eye-movement evidence of the time-course of attentional bias for threatening pictures in test-anxious students. Cognition and Emotion 31:4, pages 781-790.
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Andrea L. Nelson, Christine Purdon, Leanne Quigley, Jonathan Carriere & Daniel Smilek. (2015) Distinguishing the roles of trait and state anxiety on the nature of anxiety-related attentional biases to threat using a free viewing eye movement paradigm. Cognition and Emotion 29:3, pages 504-526.
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Melissa M. Burgess, Cindy M. Cabeleira, Isabel Cabrera, Romola S. Bucks & Colin MacLeod. (2014) Examining attentional biases underlying trait anxiety in younger and older adults. Cognition and Emotion 28:1, pages 84-97.
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Leanne Quigley, AndreaL. Nelson, Jonathan Carriere, Daniel Smilek & Christine Purdon. (2012) The effects of trait and state anxiety on attention to emotional images: An eye-tracking study. Cognition and Emotion 26:8, pages 1390-1411.
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NigelT. M. Chen, PatrickJ. F. Clarke, Colin MacLeod & AdamJ. Guastella. (2012) Biased Attentional Processing of Positive Stimuli in Social Anxiety Disorder: An Eye Movement Study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 41:2, pages 96-107.
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RachelL. Bannerman, Maarten Milders & Arash Sahraie. (2009) Processing emotional stimuli: Comparison of saccadic and manual choice-reaction times. Cognition and Emotion 23:5, pages 930-954.
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MarkusA. Maier, MichaelP. Berner, RobinC. Hau & Reinhard Pekrun. (2007) Priming the trait category “hostility”: The moderating role of trait anxiety. Cognition and Emotion 21:3, pages 577-595.
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ManuelG. Calvo, Pedro Avero & Daniel Lundqvist. (2006) Facilitated detection of angry faces: Initial orienting and processing efficiency. Cognition and Emotion 20:6, pages 785-811.
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Manuel G. Calvo & Pedro Avero. (2005) Time course of attentional bias to emotional scenes in anxiety: Gaze direction and duration. Cognition and Emotion 19:3, pages 433-451.
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Andrea L. Nelson, Leanne Quigley, Jonathan Carriere, Elizabeth Kalles, Daniel Smilek & Christine Purdon. (2022) Avoidance of mild threat observed in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) using eye tracking. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 88, pages 102577.
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Jens Högström, Martina Nordh, Miriam Larson Lindal, Ebba Taylor, Eva Serlachius & Johan Lundin Kleberg. (2019) Visual attention to emotional faces in adolescents with social anxiety disorder receiving cognitive behavioral therapy. PLOS ONE 14:11, pages e0225603.
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Kelly A. Knowles & Bunmi O. Olatunji. 2018. The Cambridge Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders. The Cambridge Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders 163 195 .
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Angelos Angelidis, Muriel Hagenaars, Dana van Son, Willem van der Does & Peter Putman. (2018) Do not look away! Spontaneous frontal EEG theta/beta ratio as a marker for cognitive control over attention to mild and high threat. Biological Psychology 135, pages 8-17.
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Alexandre Heeren, Chris Baeken, Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt, Pierre Philippot & Rudi de Raedt. (2015) Impact of Anodal and Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex during Attention Bias Modification: An Eye-Tracking Study. PLOS ONE 10:4, pages e0124182.
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Nigel Teik Ming Chen, Laurenn Maree Thomas, Patrick Joseph Fraser Clarke, Ian Bernard Hickie & Adam John Guastella. (2015) Hyperscanning and avoidance in social anxiety disorder: The visual scanpath during public speaking. Psychiatry Research 225:3, pages 667-672.
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Xiao Gao, Xiao Deng, Jia Yang, Shuang Liang, Jie Liu & Hong Chen. (2014) Eyes on the bodies: An eye tracking study on deployment of visual attention among females with body dissatisfaction. Eating Behaviors 15:4, pages 540-549.
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Satoshi F. Nakashima, Yuko Morimoto, Yuji Takano, Sakiko Yoshikawa & Kurt Hugenberg. (2014) Faces in the dark: interactive effects of darkness and anxiety on the memory for threatening faces. Frontiers in Psychology 5.
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Stephanie Waechter, Andrea L. Nelson, Caitlin Wright, Ashley Hyatt & Jonathan Oakman. (2013) Measuring Attentional Bias to Threat: Reliability of Dot Probe and Eye Movement Indices. Cognitive Therapy and Research 38:3, pages 313-333.
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Nigel T. M. Chen & Adam J. Guastella. 2014. Current Trends in Eye Tracking Research. Current Trends in Eye Tracking Research 231 236 .
Thomas Armstrong, Adam Hemminger & Bunmi O. Olatunji. (2013) Attentional bias in injection phobia: Overt components, time course, and relation to behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy 51:6, pages 266-273.
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Thomas Armstrong, Sarah A. Bilsky, Mimi Zhao & Bunmi O. Olatunji. (2013) DWELLING ON POTENTIAL THREAT CUES: AN EYE MOVEMENT MARKER FOR COMBAT-RELATED PTSD. Depression and Anxiety 30:5, pages 497-502.
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Thomas Armstrong & Bunmi O. Olatunji. (2012) Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review 32:8, pages 704-723.
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함진선 & LeeJangHan. (2012) Attentional Bias for Threat Stimuli in High-Trait Anxious Individuals: Using Eye-Tracker. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology 31:1, pages 355-371.
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Garret O’Connell, Heather C. Whalley, Prerona Mukherjee, Andrew C. Stanfield, Christian Montag, Jeremy Hall & Martin Reuter. (2012) Association of Genetic Variation in the Promoter Region of OXTR with Differences in Social Affective Neural Processing. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 02:01, pages 60-66.
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Anna Weinberg & Greg Hajcak. (2010) Electrocortical evidence for vigilance‐avoidance in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Psychophysiology 48:6, pages 842-851.
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Thomas Armstrong, Bunmi O. Olatunji, Shivali Sarawgi & Casey Simmons. (2010) Orienting and maintenance of gaze in contamination fear: Biases for disgust and fear cues. Behaviour Research and Therapy 48:5, pages 402-408.
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Amanda L. Gamble & Ronald M. Rapee. (2010) The time-course of attention to emotional faces in social phobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 41:1, pages 39-44.
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Josh M. Cisler & Ernst H.W. Koster. (2010) Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review 30:2, pages 203-216.
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Tina In-Albon, Joe Kossowsky & Silvia Schneider. (2009) Vigilance and Avoidance of Threat in the Eye Movements of Children with Separation Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 38:2, pages 225-235.
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Francisco Mercado, Luis Carretié, José Antonio Hinojosa & Cecilia Peñacoba. (2009) Two successive phases in the threat-related attentional response of anxious subjects: neural correlates. Depression and Anxiety 26:12, pages 1141-1150.
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Rachel L Bannerman, Maarten Milders, Beatrice de Gelder & Arash Sahraie. (2009) Orienting to threat: faster localization of fearful facial expressions and body postures revealed by saccadic eye movements. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276:1662, pages 1635-1641.
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Diane L. Santesso, Alicia E. Meuret, Stefan G. Hofmann, Erik M. Mueller, Kyle G. Ratner, Etienne B. Roesch & Diego A. Pizzagalli. (2008) Electrophysiological correlates of spatial orienting towards angry faces: A source localization study. Neuropsychologia 46:5, pages 1338-1348.
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Allison M. Waters, Ashley B. Nitz, Michelle G. Craske & Chris Johnson. (2007) The effects of anxiety upon attention allocation to affective stimuli. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45:4, pages 763-774.
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Mike Rinck & Eni S. Becker. (2006) Spider fearful individuals attend to threat, then quickly avoid it: Evidence from eye movements.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 115:2, pages 231-238.
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Xinghua Liu, Mingyi Qian, Xiaolin Zhou & Aimin Wang. (2006) Repeating the stimulus exposure to investigate what happens after initial selective attention to threatening pictures. Personality and Individual Differences 40:5, pages 1007-1016.
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Lauri Nummenmaa, Jukka Hyönä & Manuel G. Calvo. (2006) Eye movement assessment of selective attentional capture by emotional pictures.. Emotion 6:2, pages 257-268.
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Matt Field, Karin Mogg & Brendan P. Bradley. (2005) Alcohol increases cognitive biases for smoking cues in smokers. Psychopharmacology 180:1, pages 63-72.
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