115
Views
83
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Indicators of locomotor habits in xenarthrans: Evidence for locomotor heterogeneity among fossil sloths

Pages 230-242 | Received 21 Nov 1991, Accepted 28 May 1992, Published online: 24 Aug 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (13)

Roberta Veronese do Amaral, João Alves de Oliveira & Luciana Barbosa de Carvalho. (2022) Comparative multivariate analysis of 3-D reconstructed encephalon in extant and fossil Folivora (Pilosa) and other representative Xenarthra. Historical Biology 34:1, pages 1-9.
Read now
Sarah R. Stinnesbeck, Eberhard Frey, Jerónimo Avilés Olguín, Arturo González González, Adriana Velázquez Morlet & Wolfgang Stinnesbeck. (2021) Life and death of the ground sloth Xibalbaonyx oviceps from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Historical Biology 33:11, pages 2610-2626.
Read now
Sarah R. Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Eberhard Frey, Jerónimo Avilés Olguín & Arturo González González. (2021) Xibalbaonyx exinferis n. sp. (Megalonychidae), a new Pleistocene ground sloth from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Historical Biology 33:10, pages 1952-1963.
Read now
Robert K. McAfee & Sophia M. Beery. (2021) Intraspecific variation of Megalonychid sloths from Hispaniola and the taxonomic implications. Historical Biology 33:3, pages 371-386.
Read now
Ascanio D. Rincón, Andrés Solórzano, H. Gregory McDonald & Marisol Montellano-Ballesteros. (2019) Two new megalonychid sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the Urumaco Formation (late Miocene), and their phylogenetic affinities. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17:5, pages 409-421.
Read now
Ada Czerwonogora & Richard A. Fariña. (2013) How many Pleistocene species of Lestodon (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada)?. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11:2, pages 251-263.
Read now
M. Susana Bargo, SergioF. Vizcaíno & RichardF. Kay. (2009) Predominance of orthal masticatory movements in the Early Miocene Eucholaeops (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Megalonychidae) and other megatherioid sloths. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:3, pages 870-880.
Read now
TimothyJ. Gaudin. (1995) The ear region of edentates and the phylogeny of the Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15:3, pages 672-705.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (70)

Sharith Valentina Torres Suárez, Maria Jose Monroy‐Cendales, Juan Velasco‐Bolaños, Maria Angelica Miglino & Juan Fernando Vélez García. (2024) Evolutionary anatomical and functional characteristics of the intrinsic shoulder and brachial muscles in the northern anteater ( Tamandua mexicana ) . The Anatomical Record.
Crossref
Patricia Berles, Jan Wölfer, Fabio Alfieri, Léo Botton-Divet, Jean-Pascal Guéry & John A. Nyakatura. (2024) Linking morphology, performance, and habitat utilization: adaptation across biologically relevant ‘levels’ in tamarins. BMC Ecology and Evolution 24:1.
Crossref
Mário A. T. Dantas, Sean Cody Campbell & H. Gregory McDonald. (2023) Paleoecological inferences about the Late Quaternary giant sloths. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 30:4, pages 891-905.
Crossref
Fabio Alfieri, Léo Botton-Divet, Jan Wölfer, John A. Nyakatura & Eli Amson. (2023) A macroevolutionary common-garden experiment reveals differentially evolvable bone organization levels in slow arboreal mammals. Communications Biology 6:1.
Crossref
H. Gregory McDonald. (2023) A Tale of Two Continents (and a Few Islands): Ecology and Distribution of Late Pleistocene Sloths. Land 12:6, pages 1192.
Crossref
Adaiana Marta Andrade Santos, H. Gregory Mcdonald & Mário André Trindade Dantas. (2023) Inferences of the ecological habits of extinct giant sloths from the Brazilian Intertropical Region. Journal of Quaternary Science.
Crossref
Timothy J. Gaudin & Thomas Scaife. (2022) Cranial osteology of a juvenile specimen of Acratocnus ye (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Folivora) and its ontogenetic and phylogenetic implications . The Anatomical Record 306:3, pages 607-637.
Crossref
Daniel M. Casali, Alberto Boscaini, Timothy J. Gaudin & Fernando A. Perini. (2023) Morphological disparity and evolutionary rates of cranial and postcranial characters in sloths (Mammalia, Pilosa, Folivora). Palaeontology 66:1.
Crossref
Lia M. Gavazzi, Kelsey M. Kjosness & Philip L. Reno. (2021) Ossification pattern of the unusual pisiform in two‐toed ( Choloepus ) and three‐toed sloths ( Bradypus ) . The Anatomical Record 305:7, pages 1804-1819.
Crossref
Fabio Alfieri, Léo Botton-Divet, John A. Nyakatura & Eli Amson. (2021) Integrative Approach Uncovers New Patterns of Ecomorphological Convergence in Slow Arboreal Xenarthrans. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 29:2, pages 283-312.
Crossref
Lazaro W. Viñola-Lopez, Elson E. Core Suárez, Jorge Vélez-Juarbe, Juan N. Almonte Milan & Jonathan I. Bloch. (2021) The oldest known record of a ground sloth (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Folivora) from Hispaniola: evolutionary and paleobiogeographical implications. Journal of Paleontology 96:3, pages 684-691.
Crossref
Néstor Toledo, Alberto Boscaini & Leandro Martín Pérez. (2021) The dermal armor of mylodontid sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from Cueva del Milodón (Última Esperanza, Chile). Journal of Morphology 282:4, pages 612-627.
Crossref
Samuel T. Turvey, Clare Duncan, Nathan S. Upham, Xavier Harrison & Liliana M. Dávalos. (2021) Where the wild things were: intrinsic and extrinsic extinction predictors in the world's most depleted mammal fauna. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288:1946, pages 20202905.
Crossref
Fabio Alfieri, John A. Nyakatura & Eli Amson. (2020) Evolution of bone cortical compactness in slow arboreal mammals. Evolution 75:2, pages 542-554.
Crossref
Christine M. Harper, Adam D. Sylvester, Robert K. McAfee & Siobhán B. Cooke. (2020) A novel method for quantifying femoral neck anteversion: A case study in extinct and extant sloths. The Anatomical Record 304:2, pages 266-278.
Crossref
Erick J. Lundgren, Simon D. Schowanek, John Rowan, Owen Middleton, Rasmus Ø. Pedersen, Arian D. Wallach, Daniel Ramp, Matt Davis, Christopher J. Sandom & Jens-Christian Svenning. (2021) Functional traits of the world’s late Quaternary large-bodied avian and mammalian herbivores. Scientific Data 8:1.
Crossref
Carmela Serio, Pasquale Raia & Carlo Meloro. (2020) Locomotory Adaptations in 3D Humerus Geometry of Xenarthra: Testing for Convergence. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8.
Crossref
Lauren Sahd, Nigel C. Bennett & Sanet H. Kotzé. (2020) Hind foot drumming: Morphofunctional analysis of the hind limb osteology in three species of African mole‐rats (Bathyergidae). Journal of Morphology 281:4-5, pages 438-449.
Crossref
Fernando Carlos Galliari & Alfredo Armando Carlini. (2018) Xenarthran Synsacrum Morphology and Evolution. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 26:4, pages 493-504.
Crossref
L. Sahd, N. C. Bennett & S. H. Kotzé. (2019) Hind foot drumming: morphological adaptations of the muscles and bones of the hind limb in three African mole‐rat species. Journal of Anatomy 235:4, pages 811-824.
Crossref
Hazel L. Richards, Rod T. Wells, Alistair R. Evans, Erich M. G. Fitzgerald & Justin W. Adams. (2019) The extraordinary osteology and functional morphology of the limbs in Palorchestidae, a family of strange extinct marsupial giants. PLOS ONE 14:9, pages e0221824.
Crossref
Samantha Presslee, Graham J. Slater, François Pujos, Analía M. Forasiepi, Roman Fischer, Kelly Molloy, Meaghan Mackie, Jesper V. Olsen, Alejandro Kramarz, Matías Taglioretti, Fernando Scaglia, Maximiliano Lezcano, José Luis Lanata, John Southon, Robert Feranec, Jonathan Bloch, Adam Hajduk, Fabiana M. Martin, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi, Marcelo Reguero, Christian de Muizon, Alex Greenwood, Brian T. Chait, Kirsty Penkman, Matthew Collins & Ross D. E. MacPhee. (2019) Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3:7, pages 1121-1130.
Crossref
Katrina E. Jones, Lorena Benitez, Kenneth D. Angielczyk & Stephanie E. Pierce. (2018) Adaptation and constraint in the evolution of the mammalian backbone. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18:1.
Crossref
Néstor Toledo, Gerardo De Iuliis, Sergio F. Vizcaíno & M. Susana Bargo. (2017) The Concept of a Pedolateral Pes Revisited: The Giant Sloths Megatherium and Eremotherium (Xenarthra, Folivora, Megatheriinae) as a Case Study. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25:4, pages 525-537.
Crossref
Eli Amson & John A. Nyakatura. (2017) The Postcranial Musculoskeletal System of Xenarthrans: Insights from over Two Centuries of Research and Future Directions. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25:4, pages 459-484.
Crossref
Sergio F. Vizcaíno, Néstor Toledo & M. Susana Bargo. (2017) Advantages and Limitations in the Use of Extant Xenarthrans (Mammalia) as Morphological Models for Paleobiological Reconstruction. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25:4, pages 495-505.
Crossref
Alessandro Marques de Oliveira & Charles Morphy D. Santos. (2018) Functional morphology and paleoecology of Pilosa (Xenarthra, Mammalia) based on a two‐dimensional geometric Morphometrics study of the Humerus. Journal of Morphology 279:10, pages 1455-1467.
Crossref
Stephanie L. Child & Libby W. Cowgill. (2017) Femoral neck‐shaft angle and climate‐induced body proportions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 164:4, pages 720-735.
Crossref
Siobhán B. CookeLiliana M. Dávalos, Alexis M. Mychajliw, Samuel T. TurveyNathan S. Upham. (2017) Anthropogenic Extinction Dominates Holocene Declines of West Indian Mammals. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 48:1, pages 301-327.
Crossref
José A. Haro, Adan A. Tauber & Jerónimo M. Krapovickas. (2017) Thoracic member (pectoral girdle and forelimb) bones of Mylodon darwinii Owen (Xenarthra, Mylodontidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Central Argentina and their phylogenetic implications. PalZ 91:3, pages 439-457.
Crossref
Sarah R. Stinnesbeck, Eberhard Frey, Jerónimo Avíles Olguín, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Patrick Zell, Heinrich Mallison, Arturo González González, Eugenio Aceves Núñez, Adriana Velázquez Morlet, Alejandro Terrazas Mata, Martha Benavente Sanvicente, Fabio Hering & Carmen Rojas Sandoval. (2017) Xibalbaonyx oviceps, a new megalonychid ground sloth (Folivora, Xenarthra) from the Late Pleistocene of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, and its paleobiogeographic significance. PalZ 91:2, pages 245-271.
Crossref
Borja Figueirido, Alberto Martín-Serra & Christine M. Janis. (2016) Ecomorphological determinations in the absence of living analogues: the predatory behavior of the marsupial lion ( Thylacoleo carnifex ) as revealed by elbow joint morphology . Paleobiology 42:3, pages 508-531.
Crossref
Néstor Toledo. (2016) Paleobiological Integration of Santacrucian Sloths (Early Miocene of Patagonia). Ameghiniana 53:2, pages 100.
Crossref
N. Toledo, M.S. Bargo, S.F. Vizcaíno, G. De Iuliis & F. Pujos. (2017) Evolution of body size in anteaters and sloths (Xenarthra, Pilosa): phylogeny, metabolism, diet and substrate preferences. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 106:4, pages 289-301.
Crossref
Ryan M. Bebej, Iyad S. Zalmout, Ahmed A. Abed El-Aziz, Mohammed Sameh M. Antar & Philip D. Gingerich. (2016) First remingtonocetid archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the middle Eocene of Egypt with implications for biogeography and locomotion in early cetacean evolution. Journal of Paleontology 89:5, pages 882-893.
Crossref
Eli Amson, Christine Argot, H. Gregory McDonald & Christian de Muizon. (2014) Osteology and Functional Morphology of the Hind Limb of the Marine Sloth Thalassocnus (Mammalia, Tardigrada). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22:3, pages 355-419.
Crossref
Laura A. B. Wilson & Madeleine Geiger. 2015. Evolution of the Rodents. Evolution of the Rodents 510 538 .
Néstor Toledo, M. Susana Bargo & Sergio F. Vizcaíno. (2015) Muscular reconstruction and functional morphology of the hind limb of santacrucian ( E arly M iocene) sloths ( X enarthra, F olivora) of P atagonia . The Anatomical Record 298:5, pages 842-864.
Crossref
Timothy J. Gaudin, Gerardo De Iuliis, Nestor Toledo & François Pujos. (2015) The Basicranium and Orbital Region of the Early Miocene Eucholoeops ingens Ameghino, (Xenarthra, Pilosa, Megalonychidae) . Ameghiniana 52:2, pages 226-240.
Crossref
Francois D. H. Gould. (2014) To 3D or Not to 3D, That Is the Question: Do 3D Surface Analyses Improve the Ecomorphological Power of the Distal Femur in Placental Mammals?. PLoS ONE 9:3, pages e91719.
Crossref
Virginia L. Naples & Robert K. McAfee. (2014) Chewing through the Miocene: an examination of the feeding musculature in the ground sloth Hapalops from South America (Mammalia: Pilosa). F1000Research 3, pages 86.
Crossref
Fiona R. Straehl, Torsten M. Scheyer, Analía M. Forasiepi, Ross D. MacPhee & Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra. (2013) Evolutionary Patterns of Bone Histology and Bone Compactness in Xenarthran Mammal Long Bones. PLoS ONE 8:7, pages e69275.
Crossref
Biren A. Patel, Christopher B. Ruff, Erin L.R. Simons & Jason M. Organ. (2013) Humeral Cross‐Sectional Shape in Suspensory Primates and Sloths. The Anatomical Record 296:4, pages 545-556.
Crossref
Néstor Toledo, M. Susana Bargo & Sergio F. Vizcaíno. (2012) Muscular Reconstruction and Functional Morphology of the Forelimb of Early Miocene Sloths ( Xenarthra, Folivora ) of Patagonia . The Anatomical Record 296:2, pages 305-325.
Crossref
M. Susana Bargo, Néstor Toledo & Sergio F. Vizcaíno. 2013. Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia. Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia 216 242 .
Sergio F. Vizcaíno, Richard F. Kay & M. Susana Bargo. 2013. Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia. Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia 1 22 .
François Pujos, Timothy J. Gaudin, Gerardo De Iuliis & Cástor Cartelle. (2012) Recent Advances on Variability, Morpho-Functional Adaptations, Dental Terminology, and Evolution of Sloths. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 19:3, pages 159-169.
Crossref
N. Toledo, M. S. Bargo, G. H. Cassini & S. F. Vizcaíno. (2012) The Forelimb of Early Miocene Sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Folivora): Morphometrics and Functional Implications for Substrate Preferences. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 19:3, pages 185-198.
Crossref
H. Gregory McDonald. (2012) Evolution of the Pedolateral Foot in Ground Sloths: Patterns of Change in the Astragalus. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 19:3, pages 209-215.
Crossref
John A. Nyakatura. (2011) The Convergent Evolution of Suspensory Posture and Locomotion in Tree Sloths. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 19:3, pages 225-234.
Crossref
Nick Milne, Nestor Toledo & Sergio F. Vizcaíno. (2011) Allometric and Group Differences in the Xenarthran Femur. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 19:3, pages 199-208.
Crossref
Robert K. McAfee. (2011) Feeding mechanics and dietary implications in the fossil sloth Neocnus (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megalonychidae) from haiti . Journal of Morphology 272:10, pages 1204-1216.
Crossref
Samuel T. Turvey & Susanne A. Fritz. (2011) The ghosts of mammals past: biological and geographical patterns of global mammalian extinction across the Holocene. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366:1577, pages 2564-2576.
Crossref
Soledad De Esteban-Trivigno. (2011) Buscando Patrones Ecomorfológicos Comunes Entre Ungulados Actuales y Xenartros Extintos. Ameghiniana 48:2, pages 189-209.
Crossref
Bruce J. Shockey & Federico Anaya. (2010) Grazing in a New Late Oligocene Mylodontid Sloth and a Mylodontid Radiation as a Component of the Eocene-Oligocene Faunal Turnover and the Early Spread of Grasslands/Savannas in South America. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18:2, pages 101-115.
Crossref
KD Rose & TJ Gaudin. 2005. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences.
John A. Nyakatura, Alexander Petrovitch & Martin S. Fischer. (2010) Limb kinematics during locomotion in the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus, Xenarthra) and its implications for the evolution of the sloth locomotor apparatus. Zoology 113:4, pages 221-234.
Crossref
Andrea Elissamburu. (2010) Estudio biomecánico y morfofuncional del esqueleto apendicular de Homalodotherium Flower 1873 (Mammalia, Notoungulata) . Ameghiniana 47:1, pages 25-43.
Crossref
Soledad De Esteban‐Trivigno, Manuel Mendoza & Miquel De Renzi. (2008) Body mass estimation in xenarthra: A predictive equation suitable for all quadrupedal terrestrial placentals?. Journal of Morphology 269:10, pages 1276-1293.
Crossref
Doug M. Boyer & Jonathan I. Bloch. 2008. Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology. Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology 233 284 .
FRANÇOIS PUJOS, GERARDO DE IULIIS, CHRISTINE ARGOT & LARS WERDELIN. (2007) A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149:2, pages 179-235.
Crossref
Caley M. Orr. (2005) Knuckle‐walking anteater: A convergence test of adaptation for purported knuckle‐walking features of african Hominidae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128:3, pages 639-658.
Crossref
Rodolfo Salas, François Pujos & Christian de Muizon. (2005) Ossified meniscus and cyamo-fabella in some fossil sloths: a morpho-functional interpretation. Geobios 38:3, pages 389-394.
Crossref
TIMOTHY J. GAUDIN. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140:2, pages 255-305.
Crossref
R.D.E. MacPHEE, JENNIFER L. WHITE & CHARLES A. WOODS. (2000) New Megalonychid Sloths (Phyllophaga, Xenarthra) from the Quaternary of Hispaniola. American Museum Novitates 3303, pages 1-32.
Crossref
Leandro R. Monteiro & Augusto S. Abe. (1999) Functional and historical determinants of shape in the scapula of Xenarthran mammals: Evolution of a complex morphological structure. Journal of Morphology 241:3, pages 251-263.
Crossref
Charles A. Lockwood. (1999) Homoplasy and adaptation in the atelid postcranium. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 108:4, pages 459-482.
Crossref
Charles A. Lockwood & John G. Fleagle. (1999) The recognition and evaluation of homoplasy in primate and human evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 110:S29, pages 189-232.
Crossref
Friderun Ankel-Simons, John G. Fleagle & Prithijit S. Chatrath. (1998) Femoral anatomy ofAegyptopithecus zeuxis, an early Oligocene anthropoid. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106:4, pages 413-424.
Crossref
C. de Muizon & H. G. McDonald. (1995) An aquatic sloth from the Pliocene of Peru. Nature 375:6528, pages 224-227.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.