115
Views
83
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Indicators of locomotor habits in xenarthrans: Evidence for locomotor heterogeneity among fossil sloths

Pages 230-242 | Received 21 Nov 1991, Accepted 28 May 1992, Published online: 24 Aug 2010

LITERATURE CITED

  • Anthony , H. E. 1916 . Preliminary report of fossil mammals from Porto Rico . Annals of the New York Academy of Science , 27 : 193 – 203 .
  • Bock , W. J. and von Wahlert. , G. 1965 . Adaptation and the form-function complex . Evolution , 19 : 269 – 299 .
  • Bown , T. M. , Kraus , M. J. , Wing , S. L. , Fleagle , J. G. , Tiffney , B. H. , Simons , E. L. and Vondra , C. F. 1982 . The Fayum primate forest revisited . Journal of Human Evolution , 11 : 603 – 632 .
  • Coombs , M. C. 1983 . Large mammalian clawed herbivores: a comparative study . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia) , 73 : 1 – 96 .
  • Eisenberg , J. F. 1981 . The Mammalian Radiations 610 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Engelmann , G. F. 1985 . “ The phylogeny of the Xenarthra; ” . In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas Edited by: Montgomery , G. G. 51 – 64 . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
  • Fleagle , J. G. 1988 . Primate Adaptation and Evolution 486 San Diego : Academic Press, Inc. .
  • Fleagle , J. G. and Meldrum , D. J. 1988 . Locomotor behavior and skeletal morphology of two sympatric pitheciine monkeys, Pithecia pithecia Chiropotes satanas . American Journal of Primatology , 16 : 227 – 249 .
  • Ford , S. M. 1990 . Locomotor adaptations of fossil platyrrhines . Journal of Human Evolution , 19 : 141 – 173 .
  • Frailey , C. D. 1988 . The Miocene vertebrates of Quebrada Hondo, Bolivia. Part II. Edentata. Occasional Papers, Museum of Natural History . University of Kansas , 123 : 1 – 13 .
  • Gingerich , P. D. 1990 . Prediction of body mass in mammalian species from long bone lengths and diameters. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology . University of Michigan , 28 : 79 – 92 .
  • Hirschfeld , S. E. 1985 . Ground sloths from the Friasian La Venta fauna, with additions to the Pre-Friasian Coyaima fauna of Colombia, South America . University of California Publications in Geological Science , 128 : 1 – 91 .
  • Hirschfeld , S. E. and Webb , S. D. 1968 . Plio-Pleistocene megalonychid sloths of North America. Bulletin . Florida State Museum , 12 : 213 – 296 .
  • Hoffstetter , R. 1954 . Phylogenie des Édentés Xenarthres. Bulletin . Museum National del Histoire Naturelle 2e serie , 26 : 433 – 438 .
  • Jenkins , F. A. and Camazine , S. M. 1977 . Hip structure and locomotion in ambulatory and cursorial carnivores. Journal of Zoology . London , 181 : 351 – 370 .
  • Jolly , C. J. 1972 . The classification and natural history of Theropithecus(Simopithecus)(Andrews, 1916), baboons of the African Plio-Pleistocene. Bulletin, British Museum (Natural History) . Geology , 22 : 1 – 123 .
  • Jungers , W. L. 1976 . Hind limb and pelvic adaptations to vertical climbing and clinging in Megaladapis, a giant subfossil prosimian from Madagascar . Yearbook of Physical Anthropology , 20 : 508 – 524 .
  • Jungers , W. L. 1980 . Adaptive diversity in subfossil Malagasy prosimians . Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Anthropologie , 71 : 177 – 186 .
  • Jungers , W. L. 1987 . Body size and morphometric affinities of the appendicular skeleton in Oreopithecus bambolii (IGF 11778) . Journal of Human Evolution , 16 : 445 – 456 .
  • Jungers , W. L. 1988 . Lucy's length: stature reconstruction in Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 288–1) with implications for other small-bodied hominids . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 76 : 227 – 231 .
  • Jungers , W. L. 1990 . “ Problems and methods in reconstructing body size in fossil primates; ” . In Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology Edited by: Damuth , J. and MacFadden , B. J. 103 – 118 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Kappelman , J. 1988 . Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the bovid femur in relation to habitat . Journal of Morphology , 198 : 119 – 130 .
  • Martin , R. A. 1990 . “ Estimating body mass and correlated variables in extinct mammals: travels in the fourth dimension; ” . In Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology Edited by: Damuth , J. and MacFadden , B. J. 49 – 68 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Matthew , W. D. and de Paula Couto. , C. 1959 . The Cuban edentates . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 117 : 1 – 56 .
  • Mayo , N. 1980 . Nueva especie de Neocnus (Edentata: Megalonychidae de Cuba) y consideraciones sobre la evolucion, edad, y paleoecología de las especies de este genero. Actas II Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafia y I Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología 223 – 236 . Buenos Aires. T. III
  • Mendel , F. C. 1981 . Use of hands and feet of two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) during climbing and terrestrial locomotion . Journal of Mammalogy , 62 : 413 – 421 .
  • Mendel , F. C. 1985 . Use of hands and feet of three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) during climbing and terrestrial locomotion . Journal of Mammalogy , 66 : 359 – 366 .
  • Miller , R. A. 1935 . Functional adaptations in the forelimb of the sloths . Journal of Mammalogy , 16 : 38 – 51 .
  • Montgomery , G. G. and Sunquist , M. E. 1978 . “ Habitat selection and use by two-toed and three-toed sloths; ” . In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores Edited by: Montgomery , G. G. 329 – 359 . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
  • Novacek , M. J. 1990 . “ Morphology, paleontology, and the higher clades of mammals; ” . In Current Mammalogy Edited by: Genoways , H. H. Vol. 2 , 507 – 543 . New York : Plenum Publishing Corporation .
  • Owen , R. 1842 . Description of the Skeleton of an Extinct Gigantic Sloth, Mylodon robustus Owen, with Observations on the Osteology, Natural Affinities, and Probable Habits of the Megatherioid Quadrupeds in General 176 London : R. and J. Taylor .
  • de Paula Couto , C. 1967 . Pleistocene edentates of the West Indies . American Museum Novitates , 2304 : 1 – 55 .
  • de Paula Couto , C. 1971 . On two small Pleistocene ground sloths. Anales de la Academia Brasileira de Ciencias . Supl. , 43 : 499 – 513 .
  • de Paula Couto , C. 1979 . Tratado de Paleomastozoologia, Chapter XII 590 Rio de Janeiro : Academia Brasileira de Ciencias .
  • Rohlf , F. J. 1988 . BIOM: a package of statistical programs to accompany the text Biometry New York : State University of New York at Stony Brook .
  • Romer , A. S. 1966 . Vertebrate Paleontology 468 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Scillato-Yané , G. J. 1980 . Nuevo Megalonychidae (Edentata, Tardigrada) del “Mesopotamiense” (Mioceno tardio-Plioceno) de la Provincia de Entre Rios . Ameghiniana , 17 : 193 – 199 .
  • Sherman , J. A. 1984 . Functional morphology of the forelimb in nothrotheriine sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra= Edentata) 478 Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago Microfilms, Chicago
  • Simpson , G. G. 1945 . The principles of classification and a classification of the mammals . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 85 : 1 – 350 .
  • Szalay , F. S. and Drawhorn , G. 1980 . “ Evolution and diversification of the Archonta in an arboreal milieu; ” . In Comparative Biology and Evolutionary Relationships of Tree Shrews Edited by: Luckett , W. P. 133 – 169 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Taylor , M. E. 1976 . The functional anatomy of the hind limb of some African Viverridae (Carnivora) . Journal of Morphology , 148 : 227 – 253 .
  • Taylor , M. E. 1989 . “ Locomotor adaptations by carnivores ” . In Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution Edited by: Gittleman , J. L. 382 – 409 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
  • Van Valkenburgh , B. 1987 . Skeletal indicators of locomotor behavior in living and extinct carnivores . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 7 : 162 – 182 .
  • Van Valkenburgh , B. 1990 . “ Skeletal and dental predictors of body mass in carnivores; ” . In Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology Edited by: Damuth , J. and MacFadden , B. J. 181 – 206 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Walker , A. 1974 . “ Locomotor adaptations in past and present prosimian primates; ” . In Primate Locomotion Edited by: Jenkins , F. A. 349 – 381 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Webb , S. D. 1985 . “ The interrelationships of tree sloths and ground sloths; ” . In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas Edited by: Montgomery , G. G. 105 – 112 . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
  • Wetzel , R. M. 1985a . “ Taxonomy and distribution of armadillos, Dasypodidae; ” . In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas Edited by: Montgomery , G. G. 23 – 46 . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
  • Wetzel , R. M. 1985b . “ The identification and distribution of Recent Xenarthra (=Edentata); ” . In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas Edited by: Montgomery , G. G. 5 – 21 . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
  • Zar , J. H. 1984 . Biostatistical Analysis 718 Englewood Cliffs : Prentice-Hall, Inc. .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.