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Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Volume 15, 1995 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

The pectoral girdle and forelimb of Carsosaurus marchesetti (Aigialosauridae), with a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of mosasauroids and varanoids

Michael W. Caldwell Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 2K6; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T69 2E9, Canada
,
Robert L. Carroll Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 2K6
&
Hinrich Kaiser Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 2K6; Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
Pages 516-531 | Received 09 Sep 1993, Accepted 14 Jul 1994, Published online: 24 Aug 2010

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Michael W. Caldwell, Tiago R. Simões, Alessandro Palci, Fernando F. Garberoglio, Robert R. Reisz, Michael S. Y. Lee & Randall L. Nydam. (2021) Tetrapodophis amplectus is not a snake: re-assessment of the osteology, phylogeny and functional morphology of an Early Cretaceous dolichosaurid lizard. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19:13, pages 893-952.
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Paulina Jiménez-Huidobro, Oliver A. López-Conde, María L. Chavarría-Arellano & Héctor Porras-Múzquiz. (2021) A yaguarasaurine mosasauroid from the upper Cenomanian−lower Turonian of Coahuila, northern Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41:3.
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Catherine R. C. Strong, Michael W. Caldwell, Takuya Konishi & Alessandro Palci. (2020) A new species of longirostrine plioplatecarpine mosasaur (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco, with a re-evaluation of the problematic taxon ‘Platecarpus’ ptychodon. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18:21, pages 1769-1804.
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Michelle Campbell Mekarski, Dražen Japundžić, Katarina Krizmanić & Michael W. Caldwell. (2019) Description of a new basal mosasauroid from the Late Cretaceous of Croatia, with comments on the evolution of the mosasauroid forelimb. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39:1.
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Marco Romano & Umberto Nicosia. (2014) Alierasaurus ronchii, gen. et sp. nov., a caseid from the Permian of Sardinia, Italy. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34:4, pages 900-913.
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Takuya Konishi, Johan Lindgren, MichaelW. Caldwell & Luis Chiappe. (2012) Platecarpus tympaniticus (Squamata, Mosasauridae): osteology of an exceptionally preserved specimen and its insights into the acquisition of a streamlined body shape in mosasaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32:6, pages 1313-1327.
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Alexandra Houssaye & Paul Tafforeau. (2012) What vertebral microanatomy reveals about the ecology of juvenile mosasaurs (Reptilia, Squamata). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32:5, pages 1042-1048.
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Alexandra Houssaye, Feng Xu, Lukas Helfen, Vivian De Buffrénil, Tilo Baumbach & Paul Tafforeau. (2011) Three-dimensional pelvis and limb anatomy of the Cenomanian hind-limbed snake Eupodophis descouensi (Squamata, Ophidia) revealed by synchrotron-radiation computed laminography. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31:1, pages 2-7.
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AlexR. Dutchak & MichaelW. Caldwell. (2009) A redescription of Aigialosaurus (= Opetiosaurus) bucchichi (Kornhuber, 1901) (Squamata: Aigialosauridae) with comments on mosasauroid systematics. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:2, pages 437-452.
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KristerT. Smith & Marie-Céline Buchy. (2008) A new aigialosaur (Squamata: Anguimorpha) with soft tissue remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Nuevo León, Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28:1, pages 85-94.
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MichaelW. Caldwell & Alessandro Palci. (2007) A new basal mosasauroid from the Cenomanian (U. Cretaceous) of Slovenia with a review of mosasauroid phylogeny and evolution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27:4, pages 863-880.
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MichaelW. Caldwell. (2001) On the aquatic squamate Dolichosaurus longicollis Owen, 1850 (Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous), and the evolution of elongate necks in Squamates. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20:4, pages 720-735.
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MariaE. Páramo‐Fonseca. (2000) Yaguarasaurus columbianus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae), a primitive mosasaur from the Turonian (upper cretaceous) of Colombia. Historical Biology 14:1-2, pages 121-131.
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MichaelW. Caldwell. (1999) Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new species of Coniasaurus Owen, 1850 (Squamata). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19:3, pages 438-455.
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J.D. Scanlon, M.S.Y. Lee, M.W. Caldwell & R. Shine. (1999) The palaeoecology of the primitive snake Pachyrhachis . Historical Biology 13:2-3, pages 127-152.
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M.S.Y. Lee. (1997) On snake-like dentition in mosasaurian lizards. Journal of Natural History 31:2, pages 303-314.
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MichaelJ. Benton & Rebecca Hitchin. (1996) Testing the quality of the fossil record by groups and by major habitats. Historical Biology 12:2, pages 111-157.
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Michael J. Polcyn, Nathalie Bardet, L. Barry AlbrightIIIIII & Alan Titus. (2023) A new lower Turonian mosasaurid from the Western Interior Seaway and the antiquity of the unique basicranial circulation pattern in Plioplatecarpinae. Cretaceous Research 151, pages 105621.
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Alberto Cabezuelo-Hernández & Adán Pérez-García. (2023) A New Species of the Pythonomorph Carentonosaurus from the Cenomanian of Algora (Guadalajara, Central Spain). Animals 13:7, pages 1197.
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Michael J. Polcyn, Bruno G. Augusta & Hussam Zaher. 2022. The Origin and Early Evolutionary History of Snakes. The Origin and Early Evolutionary History of Snakes 125 156 .
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Samuel R. R. Cross, Benjamin C. Moon, Thomas L. Stubbs, Emily J. Rayfield & Michael J. Benton. (2022) Climate, competition, and the rise of mosasauroid ecomorphological disparity. Palaeontology 65:2.
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Amelia R. Zietlow. (2020) Craniofacial ontogeny in Tylosaurinae. PeerJ 8, pages e10145.
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Paulina Jiménez-Huidobro & Michael W. Caldwell. (2019) A New Hypothesis of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Tylosaurinae (Squamata: Mosasauroidea). Frontiers in Earth Science 7.
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Ilaria Paparella, Alessandro Palci, Umberto Nicosia & Michael W. Caldwell. (2018) A new fossil marine lizard with soft tissues from the Late Cretaceous of southern Italy. Royal Society Open Science 5:6, pages 172411.
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Tamaki SatoTakuya Konishi, Tomohiro Nishimura & Takeru Yoshimura. (2018) A Basal Mosasauroid from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Paleontological Research 22:2, pages 156-166.
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Daniel Madzia & Andrea Cau. (2017) Inferring ‘weak spots’ in phylogenetic trees: application to mosasauroid nomenclature. PeerJ 5, pages e3782.
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Tiago R. Simões, Oksana Vernygora, Ilaria Paparella, Paulina Jimenez-Huidobro & Michael W. Caldwell. (2017) Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group. PLOS ONE 12:5, pages e0176773.
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Paulina Jiménez-Huidobro, Tiago R. Simões & Michael W. Caldwell. (2016) Re-characterization of Tylosaurus nepaeolicus (Cope, 1874) and Tylosaurus kansasensis Everhart, 2005: Ontogeny or sympatry?. Cretaceous Research 65, pages 68-81.
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Daniel Hontecillas, Alexandra Houssaye, César Laplana, Paloma Sevilla, Juan Luis Arsuaga, Alfredo Pérez-González, Enrique Baquedano & Fabien Knoll. (2015) Reworked marine pythonomorph (Reptilia, Squamata) remains in Late Pleistocene cave deposits in central Spain. Cretaceous Research 54, pages 188-202.
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Gabriela Fontanarrosa & Virginia Abdala. (2014) Anatomical analysis of the lizard carpal bones in the terms of skilled manual abilities. Acta Zoologica 95:3, pages 249-263.
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Federico Fanti, Andrea Cau & Alessandra Negri. (2014) A giant mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) with an unusually twisted dentition from the Argille Scagliose Complex (late Campanian) of Northern Italy. Cretaceous Research 49, pages 91-104.
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Alexandra Houssaye. (2013) Palaeoecological and morphofunctional interpretation of bone mass increase: an example in Late Cretaceous shallow marine squamates. Biological Reviews 88:1, pages 117-139.
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Jacques A. Gauthier, Maureen Kearney, Jessica Anderson Maisano, Olivier Rieppel & Adam D.B. Behlke. (2012) Assembling the Squamate Tree of Life: Perspectives from the Phenotype and the Fossil Record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 53:1, pages 3-308.
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Michael W. Caldwell. (2012) A challenge to categories: “What, if anything, is a mosasaur?”. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183:1, pages 7-34.
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Johan Lindgren, Michael J. Polcyn & Bruce A. Young. (2016) Landlubbers to leviathans: evolution of swimming in mosasaurine mosasaurs. Paleobiology 37:3, pages 445-469.
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Nathalie Bardet, Alexandra Houssaye, Jean-Claude Rage & Xabier Pereda Suberbiola. (2008) The Cenomanian-Turonian (late Cretaceous) radiation of marine squamates (Reptilia): the role of the Mediterranean Tethys. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 179:6, pages 605-622.
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Jack L. Conrad. (2008) Phylogeny And Systematics Of Squamata (Reptilia) Based On Morphology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 310, pages 1-182.
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Andrea Cobbett, Mark Wilkinson & Matthew A Wills. (2007) Fossils Impact as Hard as Living Taxa in Parsimony Analyses of Morphology. Systematic Biology 56:5, pages 753-766.
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Alex R Dutchak & Michael W Caldwell. (2006) Redescription of Aigialosaurus dalmaticus Kramberger, 1892, a Cenomanian mosasauroid lizard from Hvar Island, Croatia . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43:12, pages 1821-1834.
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Jack L. Conrad. (2006) Postcranial skeleton ofShinisaurus crocodilurus (Squamata: Anguimorpha). Journal of Morphology 267:7, pages 759-775.
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A.S. Schulp, E.W.A. Mulder & K. Schwenk. (2016) Did mosasaurs have forked tongues?. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84:3, pages 359-371.
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M.J. Polcyn & G.L. BellJr.Jr.. (2016) Russellosaurus coheni n. gen., n. sp., a 92 million-year-old mosasaur from Texas (USA), and the definition of the parafamily Russellosaurina . Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84:3, pages 321-333.
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A.R. Dutchak. (2016) A review of the taxonomy and systematics of aigialosaurs. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84:3, pages 221-229.
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G.L. BellJr.Jr. & M.J. Polcyn. (2016) Dallasaurus turneri , a new primitive mosasauroid from the Middle Turonian of Texas and comments on the phylogeny of Mosasauridae (Squamata) . Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84:3, pages 177-194.
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Nathalie Bardet, Xabier Pereda Suberbiola & Nour-Eddine Jalil. (2003) A new mosasauroid (Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of Morocco. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2:8, pages 607-616.
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Paul M. Barrett & Susan E. Evans. (2002) A reassessment of the Early Cretaceous reptile ‘Patricosaurus merocratus’ Seeley from the Cambridge Greensand, Cambridgeshire, UK. Cretaceous Research 23:2, pages 231-240.
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Michael W. Caldwell & Michael S. Y. Lee. (2001) Live birth in Cretaceous marine lizards (mosasauroids). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 268:1484, pages 2397-2401.
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Michael S. Y. Lee & Michael W. Caldwell. (2016) Adriosaurus and the affinities of mosasaurs, dolichosaurs, and snakes . Journal of Paleontology 74:5, pages 915-937.
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MICHAEL W. CALDWELL & JOHN A. COOPER. (1999) Redescription, palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of Coniasaurus crassidens Owen, 1850 (Squamata) from the Lower Chalk (Cretaceous; Cenomanian) of SE England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 127:4, pages 423-452.
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Robert Holmes, Michael W Caldwell & Stephen L Cumbaa. (1999) A new specimen of Plioplatecarpus (Mosasauridae) from the lower Maastrichtian of Alberta: comments on allometry, functional morphology, and paleoecology . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36:3, pages 363-369.
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MICHAEL W. CALDWELL. (1999) Squamate phylogeny and the relationships of snakes and mosasauroids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 125:1, pages 115-147.
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Michael.S. Y. Lee & Michael.W. Caldwell. (1998) Anatomy and relationships of Pachyrhachis problematicus, a primitive snake with hindlimbs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353:1375, pages 1521-1552.
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Rebecca Hitchin & Michael J. Benton. (2016) Congruence between parsimony and stratigraphy: comparisons of three indices. Paleobiology 23:1, pages 20-32.
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