1,068
Views
154
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A Review of the Nonmedical Use of Ketamine: Use, Users and Consequences

Pages 419-433 | Published online: 06 Sep 2011

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (22)

Alessandra Bartoli, Carmela Cursaro, Hajrie Seferi & Pietro Andreone. (2023) Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis After SARS-CoV2: ICU Ketamine Use or Virus-Specific Biliary Tropism and Injury in the Context of Biliary Ischemia in Critically Ill Patients?. Hepatic Medicine: Evidence and Research 15, pages 93-112.
Read now
Leo J. Schep, Robin J. Slaughter, Martin Watts, Elliot Mackenzie & Paul Gee. (2023) The clinical toxicology of ketamine. Clinical Toxicology 61:6, pages 415-428.
Read now
Amanda Tamman, Amit Anand & Sanjay J. Mathew. (2022) A comparison of the safety, feasibility, and tolerability of ECT and ketamine for treatment-resistant depression. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 21:6, pages 745-759.
Read now
Tracey Varker, Loretta Watson, Kari Gibson, David Forbes & Meaghan L. O’Donnell. (2021) Efficacy of Psychoactive Drugs for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of MDMA, Ketamine, LSD and Psilocybin. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 53:1, pages 85-95.
Read now
Andrew Willeford, Rabia S. Atayee, Kathryn D. Winters & Paula Mesarwi. (2018) The Enigma of Low-Dose Ketamine for Treatment of Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia in the Setting of Psychosocial Suffering and Cancer-Associated Pain. Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 32:4, pages 248-255.
Read now
Ines Testoni, Enrico Facco & Federico Perelda. (2017) Toward A New Eternalist Paradigm for Afterlife Studies: The Case of the Near-Death Experiences Argument. World Futures 73:7, pages 442-456.
Read now
Michael Neufeld, Deborah Spence & Tineke Water. (2017) Working in the dark: a hermeneutic inquiry into health professionals’ stories of ketamine sedation with children. Contemporary Nurse 53:5, pages 545-557.
Read now
Yanhui Liao, Yi-lang Tang & Wei Hao. (2017) Ketamine and international regulations. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 43:5, pages 495-504.
Read now
Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira. (2017) Metabolism and metabolomics of ketamine: a toxicological approach. Forensic Sciences Research 2:1, pages 2-10.
Read now
Ahmed Al-Nowfal & Yahya A Al-Abed. (2016) Chronic biliary colic associated with ketamine abuse. International Medical Case Reports Journal 9, pages 135-137.
Read now
Sarbjeet S. Kalsi, David M. Wood & Paul I. Dargan. (2011) The epidemiology and patterns of acute and chronic toxicity associated with recreational ketamine use. Emerging Health Threats Journal 4:1.
Read now
Karen Joe-Laidler & Geoffery Hunt. (2008) Sit Down to Float: The Cultural Meaning of Ketamine Use in Hong Kong. Addiction Research & Theory 16:3, pages 259-271.
Read now
Natalya M. Kogan & Raphael Mechoulam. (2007) Cannabinoids in health and disease. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 9:4, pages 413-430.
Read now
Catherine Reynaud-Maurupt, Pierre-Yves Bello, Stéphane Akoka & Abdalla Toufik. (2007) Characteristics and Behaviors of Ketamine Users in France in 2003. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 39:1, pages 1-11.
Read now
Karl L. R. Jansen & Lynn Theron. (2006) Ecstasy (MDMA), Methamphetamine, and Date Rape (Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault): A Consideration of the Issues. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 38:1, pages 1-12.
Read now
Wei-Hung Chan, Wei-Zen Sun & Tzuu-Huei Ueng. (2005) Induction of Rat Hepatic Cytochrome P-450 by Ketamine and its Toxicological Implications. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 68:17-18, pages 1581-1597.
Read now
Jane Carlisle Maxwell. (2005) Party Drugs: Properties, Prevalence, Patterns, and Problems. Substance Use & Misuse 40:9-10, pages 1203-1240.
Read now
RobertS. Gable. (2004) Acute Toxic Effects of Club Drugs. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 36:3, pages 303-313.
Read now
Hany Rofael & Mohamed Abdel-RahmanHelen. (2003) Reduction of Tissue Concentration of Cocaine in Rat by Ketamine. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 66:3, pages 241-251.
Read now
Karl L.R. Jansen & Rachael Darracot-Cankovic. (2001) The Nonmedical Use of Ketamlne, Part Two: A Review of Problent Use and Dependence. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 33:2, pages 151-158.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (132)

Vidette M. Juby, Saaeda Paruk, Mitsuaki Tomita & Bonga Chiliza. (2024) Ketamine for depressive symptoms: A retrospective chart review of a private ketamine clinic. South African Journal of Psychiatry 30.
Crossref
Kizhakkepurakkal B. Megha & Parayanthala V. Mohanan. (2023) Cellular consequences triggered by ketamine on exposure to human glioblastoma epithelial (LN‐229) cells. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 37:12.
Crossref
Guofen Zhang, Quli Li & Ping Wang. (2023) The analgesic efficacy of ketamine for septorhinoplasty: a meta-analysis study. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 280:9, pages 4083-4089.
Crossref
Raymond Pominville, Matthew Loria, Elad Fraiman & Kirtishri Mishra. (2023) Sexual Dysfunction Related to Ketamine Use: a Systematic Review. Current Sexual Health Reports 15:3, pages 125-131.
Crossref
Robert Freedman. (2023) Ketamine and ECT in Depression — Risks and Rewards. New England Journal of Medicine 388:25, pages 2389-2390.
Crossref
Marjorie R. Levinstein, Meghan L. Carlton, Tommaso Di Ianni, Emilya N. Ventriglia, Arianna Rizzo, Juan L. Gomez, Reece C. Budinich, Yavin Shaham, Raag D. Airan, Carlos A. ZarateJr.Jr., Jordi Bonaventura & Michael Michaelides. (2023) Mu Opioid Receptor Activation Mediates (S)-ketamine Reinforcement in Rats: Implications for Abuse Liability. Biological Psychiatry 93:12, pages 1118-1126.
Crossref
Xinghua Ren, Siyi Zhang, Yongyan Yang, Annie Song, Feng Liang, Yiying Zhang, Yuanlin Dong, Xu Wu & Zhongcong Xie. (2022) Ketamine Induces Delirium-Like Behavior and Interferes With Endosomal Tau Trafficking. Anesthesia & Analgesia 136:4, pages 779-788.
Crossref
Astrid M. Cardona-Acosta & Carlos A. Bolaños-Guzmán. (2023) Role of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the antidepressant effects of ketamine. Neuropharmacology 225, pages 109374.
Crossref
Way Koon Teoh, Nabeesathul Sumayya Mohamed Sadiq, Kasrin Saisahas, Apichai Phonchai, Vanitha Kunalan, Noor Zuhartini Md Muslim, Warakorn Limbut, Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah & Kah Haw Chang. (2022) Detection and discrimination of sedative‐hypnotics in spiked beverage dry residues using attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared ( ATR‐FTIR ) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics . Journal of Forensic Sciences 68:1, pages 75-85.
Crossref
Romain Pelletier, Brendan Le Daré, Diane Le Bouëdec, Angéline Kernalléguen, Pierre-Jean Ferron, Isabelle Morel & Thomas Gicquel. (2022) Arylcyclohexylamine Derivatives: Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, Clinical and Forensic Aspects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:24, pages 15574.
Crossref
Thomas Schäfer & Patricia Kreuzburg. (2022) The Effects of Dancing to Electronic Music and the Additional Intake of Psychoactive Drugs on the Experience of Trance. European Journal of Psychology Open 81:4, pages 127-137.
Crossref
Christina Driver, Timothy N.W. Jackson, Jim Lagopoulos & Daniel F. Hermens. (2022) Molecular mechanisms underlying the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists: Highlighting their potential for transdiagnostic therapeutics. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 119, pages 110609.
Crossref
Jonathan Acevedo & Jessica A. Siegel. (2022) Neurobiological, behavioral, and cognitive effects of ketamine in adolescents: A review of human and pre-clinical research. Behavioural Brain Research 435, pages 114049.
Crossref
Patrycja Kleczkowska & Malgorzata Zaremba. 2022. Ketamine Revisited - New Insights into NMDA Inhibitors. Ketamine Revisited - New Insights into NMDA Inhibitors.
Natalia Harumi Correa Kobayashi, Sarah Viana Farias, Diandra Araújo Luz, Kissila Márvia Machado-Ferraro, Brenda Costa da Conceição, Cinthia Cristina Menezes da Silveira, Luanna Melo Pereira Fernandes, Sabrina de Carvalho Cartágenes, Vânia Maria Moraes Ferreira, Enéas Andrade Fontes-Júnior & Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia. (2022) Ketamine plus Alcohol: What We Know and What We Can Expect about This. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:14, pages 7800.
Crossref
Mikołaj Matłoka, Sylwia Janowska, Anna Gajos-Draus, Hubert Ziółkowski, Monika Janicka, Przemysław Perko, Kisło Kamil, Piotr Pankiewicz, Rafał Moszczyński-Pętkowski, Mateusz Mach, Paulina Dera, Krzysztof Abramski, Małgorzata Teska-Kamińska, Ewa Tratkiewicz, Maciej Wieczorek & Jerzy Pieczykolan. (2022) Esketamine inhaled as dry powder: Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety assessment in a preclinical study. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 73-74, pages 102127.
Crossref
American Psychiatric Association. 2022. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Yoosuk An, Seon Young Park & Ung Gu Kang. (2022) “Drugs of Abuse” as a “New Antidepressant”: - A Review on Pharmacological Mechanisms, Antidepressant Effects, and Abuse Potential. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 61:4, pages 243.
Crossref
B. Le Daré, R. Pelletier, I. Morel & T. Gicquel. (2022) Histoire de la kétamine : une molécule ancienne qui a toujours la cote. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 80:1, pages 1-8.
Crossref
Lena V. Danyeli, Florian N. Götting, Zümrüt Duygu Sen, Meng Li & Martin Walter. 2022. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy 4593 4635 .
Yanning Li, Zhibin Dong, Gehua Wen, Xinghua Ren, Weishu Ren, Lei Yan, Xiaolong Wang, Hao Yu, Xue Wu, Xi Xia, Yan Lu & Xu Wu. (2021) Long‐term ketamine administration induces bladder damage and upregulates autophagy‐associated proteins in bladder smooth muscle tissue. Environmental Toxicology 36:12, pages 2521-2529.
Crossref
John Martin Corkery, Wan-Chu Hung, Hugh Claridge, Christine Goodair, Caroline S Copeland & Fabrizio Schifano. (2021) Recreational ketamine-related deaths notified to the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, England, 1997–2019. Journal of Psychopharmacology 35:11, pages 1324-1348.
Crossref
Susan Kim, Brittany S. Rush & Timothy R. Rice. (2020) A systematic review of therapeutic ketamine use in children and adolescents with treatment-resistant mood disorders. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 30:10, pages 1485-1501.
Crossref
Jacob E. Israel, Samantha St Pierre, Emily Ellis, Josephine S. Hanukaai, Nazir Noor, Giustino Varrassi, Markus Wells & Alan D. Kaye. (2021) Ketamine for the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Comprehensive Review. Health Psychology Research 9:1.
Crossref
Wen‐Hsuan Pan, Kevin Chien‐Chang Wu, Chi‐Ya Chen, Yu‐Roo Chu, Shang‐Chi Wu, Susyan Jou, Tzu‐Pin Lu, Yu‐Chi Tung, Jui Hsu & Wei J. Chen. (2020) First‐time offenders for recreational ketamine use under a new penalty system in Taiwan: incidence, recidivism and mortality in national cohorts from 2009 to 2017. Addiction 116:7, pages 1770-1781.
Crossref
Irem Ates, Muhammed Enes Aydin, Erkan Cem Celik, Mustafa Sitki Gozeler & Ali Ahiskalioglu. (2020) Perioperative Intravenous Low-Dose Ketamine Infusion to Minimize Pain for Septorhinoplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 100:4, pages 254-259.
Crossref
M.L. Shawn Bates & Keith A. Trujillo. (2021) Use and abuse of dissociative and psychedelic drugs in adolescence. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 203, pages 173129.
Crossref
Jun Zhong, Huawang Wu, Fengchun Wu, Hongbo He, Zhaohua Zhang, Jiaxin Huang, Penghui Cao & Ni Fan. (2021) Cortical Thickness Changes in Chronic Ketamine Users. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12.
Crossref
Shane Darke, Johan Duflou, Michael Farrell, Amy Peacock & Julia Lappin. (2020) Characteristics and circumstances of death related to the self‐administration of ketamine. Addiction 116:2, pages 339-345.
Crossref
K.E. Diasamidze, G.M. Mishin, M.A. Chitorelidze & M.F. Abadzhyan. (2021) Ketamine. A 50-year modern history. Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya:5, pages 86.
Crossref
Lena V. Danyeli, Florian N. Götting, Zümrüt Duygu Sen, Meng Li & Martin Walter. 2020. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy 1 44 .
Beauty Arora, Sanjeev Lalwani, Rohit Saxena, Supriyo Ghose & Thirumurthy Velpandian. (2020) Postmortem redistribution of ketamine in ocular matrices: A study of forensic relevance. Legal Medicine 47, pages 101777.
Crossref
Keith A. Trujillo & Sergio D. Iñiguez. (2020) Ketamine beyond anesthesia: Antidepressant effects and abuse potential. Behavioural Brain Research 394, pages 112841.
Crossref
A. U. Nicol & A. J. Morton. (2020) Characteristic patterns of EEG oscillations in sheep (Ovis aries) induced by ketamine may explain the psychotropic effects seen in humans. Scientific Reports 10:1.
Crossref
Saurabh S. Kokane, Ross J. Armant, Carlos A. Bolaños-Guzmán & Linda I. Perrotti. (2020) Overlap in the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms underlying ketamine abuse and its use as an antidepressant. Behavioural Brain Research 384, pages 112548.
Crossref
Sanders A. McDougall, Jasmine W. Rios, Matthew G. Apodaca, Ginny I. Park, Nazaret R. Montejano, Jordan A. Taylor, Andrea E. Moran, Jasmine A.M. Robinson, Timothy J. Baum, Angie Teran & Cynthia A. Crawford. (2020) Effects of dopamine and serotonin synthesis inhibitors on the ketamine-, d-amphetamine-, and cocaine-induced locomotor activity of preweanling and adolescent rats: sex differences. Behavioural Brain Research 379, pages 112302.
Crossref
Cynthia A. Crawford, Andrea E. Moran, Timothy J. Baum, Matthew G. Apodaca, Nazaret R. Montejano, Ginny I. Park, Vanessa Gomez & Sanders A. McDougall. (2020) Effects of monoamine depletion on the ketamine-induced locomotor activity of preweanling, adolescent, and adult rats: Sex and age differences. Behavioural Brain Research 379, pages 112267.
Crossref
Nidal Moukaddam, Raymond Choi & Veronica Tucci. (2020) Managing Acute Agitation and Psychotic Symptoms in the Emergency Department. Adolescent Psychiatry 9:2, pages 118-128.
Crossref
Keith A. Trujillo & Colleen Y. Heller. (2020) Ketamine sensitization: Influence of dose, environment, social isolation and treatment interval. Behavioural Brain Research 378, pages 112271.
Crossref
Ming-Chyi Huang & Shih-Ku Lin. 2020. Ketamine. Ketamine 1 14 .
Si-qin-gao-wa Han, Xinxuan Chen, Chen Zhang, Hang Zhao, Shuang Lin, Yanhua Zhang & Wu-Li-Ji Hasi. (2019) Rapid and Sensitive Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Method for Determination of Ketamine in Urine. Analytical Sciences 35:11, pages 1209-1213.
Crossref
Wolfgang Jaksch, Rudolf Likar & Martin Aigner. (2019) Ketamin: Einsatz bei chronischen Schmerzen und DepressionKetamine in the therapy of chronic pain and depression. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 169:15-16, pages 367-376.
Crossref
M.L. Shawn Bates & Keith A. Trujillo. (2019) Long-lasting effects of repeated ketamine administration in adult and adolescent rats. Behavioural Brain Research 369, pages 111928.
Crossref
Alessandra Finisguerra, Cristiano Crescentini & Cosimo Urgesi. (2019) Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Affects Implicit Spiritual Self-Representations. Neuroscience 412, pages 144-159.
Crossref
Sanders A. McDougall, Ginny I. Park, Goretti I. Ramirez, Vanessa Gomez, Brittnee C. Adame & Cynthia A. Crawford. (2019) Sex-dependent changes in ketamine-induced locomotor activity and ketamine pharmacokinetics in preweanling, adolescent, and adult rats. European Neuropsychopharmacology 29:6, pages 740-755.
Crossref
Bronislav Jurásek, František Králík, Silvie Rimpelová, Jan Čejka, Vladimír Setnička, Tomáš Ruml, Martin Kuchař & Michal Kohout. (2018) Synthesis, absolute configuration and in vitro cytotoxicity of deschloroketamine enantiomers: rediscovered and abused dissociative anaesthetic . New Journal of Chemistry 42:24, pages 19360-19368.
Crossref
Ross Moy & C Wright. (2018) Ketamine for military prehospital analgesia and sedation in combat casualties. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 164:6, pages 436-437.
Crossref
Panos Zanos, Ruin Moaddel, Patrick J. Morris, Lace M. Riggs, Jaclyn N. Highland, Polymnia Georgiou, Edna F. R. Pereira, Edson X. Albuquerque, Craig J. Thomas, Carlos A. ZarateJr.Jr. & Todd D. Gould. (2018) Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms. Pharmacological Reviews 70:3, pages 621-660.
Crossref
Xiao‑Qian Guo, Yu‑Ling Cao, Li Zhao, Xuan Zhang, Zhong‑Rui Yan & Wei‑Mei Chen. (2018) p38�mitogen-activated protein kinase gene silencing rescues rat hippocampal neurons from ketamine-induced apoptosis: An in�vitro study. International Journal of Molecular Medicine.
Crossref
Luís M. Félix, Ana M. Vidal, Cindy Serafim, Ana M. Valentim, Luís M. Antunes, Sandra M. Monteiro, Manuela Matos & Ana M. Coimbra. (2018) Ketamine induction of p53-dependent apoptosis and oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Chemosphere 201, pages 730-739.
Crossref
John Hartberg, Simone Garrett-Walcott & Angelo De Gioannis. (2017) Impact of oral ketamine augmentation on hospital admissions in treatment-resistant depression and PTSD: a retrospective study. Psychopharmacology 235:2, pages 393-398.
Crossref
Tracy Jobin McGrane, Matthew D. McEvoy & J. G. Reves. 2018. Geriatric Anesthesiology. Geriatric Anesthesiology 255 281 .
James H. Ho & Paul I. Dargan. 2018. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 1 47 .
Torsten Passie & Simon D. Brandt. 2018. New Psychoactive Substances. New Psychoactive Substances 69 110 .
Subhan Ullah. (2017) Effect of Xylazine and Ketamine on Pulse Rate, Respiratory Rate and Body Temperature in Dog. International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology 2:4.
Crossref
Georges Mion. (2017) History of anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 34:9, pages 571-575.
Crossref
Sanders A. McDougall, Andrea E. Moran, Timothy J. Baum, Matthew G. Apodaca & Vanessa Real. (2017) Effects of ketamine on the unconditioned and conditioned locomotor activity of preadolescent and adolescent rats: impact of age, sex, and drug dose. Psychopharmacology 234:18, pages 2683-2696.
Crossref
Jessica W. WangVioletta KivovichLaurie Gordon. (2017) Ketamine Abuse Syndrome. Pediatric Emergency Care 33:8, pages e24-e26.
Crossref
Drew J. Puxty, Johannes G. Ramaekers, Rafael de la Torre, Magí Farré, Neus Pizarro, Mitona Pujadas & Kim P. C. Kuypers. (2017) MDMA-Induced Dissociative State not Mediated by the 5-HT2A Receptor. Frontiers in Pharmacology 8.
Crossref
Angelica Rocha, Nigel Hart & Keith A. Trujillo. (2017) Differences between adolescents and adults in the acute effects of PCP and ketamine and in sensitization following intermittent administration. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 157, pages 24-34.
Crossref
Luís M. Félix, Cindy Serafim, Maria J. Martins, Ana M. Valentim, Luís M. Antunes, Manuela Matos & Ana M. Coimbra. (2017) Morphological and behavioral responses of zebrafish after 24 h of ketamine embryonic exposure. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 321, pages 27-36.
Crossref
Katherine N. Wright, Caroline E. Strong, Marjorie N. Addonizio, Naomi C. Brownstein & Mohamed Kabbaj. (2016) Reinforcing properties of an intermittent, low dose of ketamine in rats: effects of sex and cycle. Psychopharmacology 234:3, pages 393-401.
Crossref
Heather Kang, Pojeong Park, Zuner A. Bortolotto, Simon D. Brandt, Tristan Colestock, Jason Wallach, Graham L. Collingridge & David Lodge. (2017) Ephenidine: A new psychoactive agent with ketamine-like NMDA receptor antagonist properties. Neuropharmacology 112, pages 144-149.
Crossref
S.C. Cartágenes, L.M.P. Fernandes, E. Fontes de AndradeJr.Jr., R.D. Prediger & C.S.F. Maia. 2017. Addictive Substances and Neurological Disease. Addictive Substances and Neurological Disease 373 382 .
James H. Ho & Paul I. Dargan. 2017. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 1439 1484 .
Yanhui Liao, Jinsong Tang, Jianbin Liu, An Xie, Mei Yang, Maritza Johnson, Xuyi Wang, Qijian Deng, Hongxian Chen, Xiaojun Xiang, Tieqiao Liu, Xiaogang Chen, Ming Song & Wei Hao. (2016) Decreased Thalamocortical Connectivity in Chronic Ketamine Users. PLOS ONE 11:12, pages e0167381.
Crossref
D. Favretto, S. Vogliardi, M. Tucci, I. Simoncello, R. El Mazloum & R. Snenghi. (2016) Occupational exposure to ketamine detected by hair analysis: a retrospective and prospective toxicological study. Forensic Science International 265, pages 193-199.
Crossref
Sean Sassano-Higgins, Dave Baron, Grace Juarez, Neevon Esmaili & Mark Gold. (2016) A REVIEW OF KETAMINE ABUSE AND DIVERSION. Depression and Anxiety 33:8, pages 718-727.
Crossref
John Muller, Sahana Pentyala, James Dilger & Srinivas Pentyala. (2016) Ketamine enantiomers in the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 6:3, pages 185-192.
Crossref
Monica F. Tomlinson, Matthew Brown & Peter N.S. Hoaken. (2016) Recreational drug use and human aggressive behavior: A comprehensive review since 2003. Aggression and Violent Behavior 27, pages 9-29.
Crossref
Gislaine Z. Réus, Helena M. Abelaira, Talita Tuon, Stephanie E. Titus, Zuleide M. Ignácio, Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues & João Quevedo. 2016. Ion Channels as Therapeutic Targets, Part A. Ion Channels as Therapeutic Targets, Part A 169 202 .
Daniel Flack & Elias Dakwar. 2016. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse 681 688 .
Luís Félix, Luís Antunes, Sónia Campos, Carlos Venâncio & Ana Maria Coimbra. 2016. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse 672 680 .
L. Stan Leung & Jingyi Ma. 2016. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse 661 671 .
Janusz K. Rybakowski, Agnieszka Permoda-Osip & Alicja Bartkowska-Sniatkowska. 2016. Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression 57 71 .
James H. Ho & Paul I. Dargan. 2016. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 1 46 .
Esa R. Korpi, Bjørnar den Hollander, Usman Farooq, Elena Vashchinkina, Ramamoorthy Rajkumar, David J. Nutt, Petri Hyytiä & Gavin S. Dawe. (2015) Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacological Reviews 67:4, pages 872-1004.
Crossref
Maryam Asghary, Jahan Bakhsh Raoof, Reza Ojani & Ezat Hamidi-Asl. (2015) A genosensor based on CPE for study the interaction between ketamine as an anesthesia drug with DNA. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 80, pages 512-519.
Crossref
Brenda Wasunna, Emily Thomas & Sally Morgan. (2015) Development of legal highs. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care 11:02, pages 128-137.
Crossref
Ya Yang, Yifeng Tu, Xiaoshu Wang, Jinyin Pan & Yun Ding. (2015) A Label-Free Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Ketamine Based on Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Sensors 15:4, pages 8540-8549.
Crossref
David Baumeister, Luis M. Tojo & Derek K. Tracy. (2015) Legal highs: staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substances. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 5:2, pages 97-132.
Crossref
Julie Jouguelet-Lacoste, Luca La Colla, Dennis Schilling & Jacques E. Chelly. (2015) The Use of Intravenous Infusion or Single Dose of Low-Dose Ketamine for Postoperative Analgesia: A Review of the Current Literature. Pain Medicine 16:2, pages 383-403.
Crossref
Bozorgmehr Maddah, Vahid alimardani & Hamid moradifard. (2015) A simple colorimetric kit for determination of ketamine hydrochloride in water samples. Analytical Methods 7:24, pages 10364-10370.
Crossref
Raymond J.M. Niesink & Tibor M. Brunt. (2015) Dissociatieve anesthesie: van ‘angel dust’ tot methoxetamine. Verslaving 11:4, pages 261-271.
Crossref
Chuan-Ching Lai, Li-Jen Lee & Hsiang-Shu Yin. (2014) Behavioral and Neurochemical Changes Induced by Repetitive Combined Treatments of Ketamine and Amphetamine in Mice. Neurochemical Research 39:11, pages 2180-2188.
Crossref
M. L. Zuccoli, A. Muscella, C. Fucile, R. Carrozzino, F. Mattioli, A. Martelli & S. Orengo. (2014) Paliperidone for the Treatment of Ketamine-Induced Psychosis: A Case Report. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 48:2, pages 103-108.
Crossref
Chaoxuan Dong & K.J.S. Anand. (2013) Developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine in pediatric clinical use. Toxicology Letters 220:1, pages 53-60.
Crossref
Donata Favretto, Susanna Vogliardi, Giulia Stocchero, Alessandro Nalesso, Marianna Tucci, Claudio Terranova & Santo Davide Ferrara. (2013) Determination of ketamine and norketamine in hair by micropulverized extraction and liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Forensic Science International 226:1-3, pages 88-93.
Crossref
Matcheri S. Keshavan & Yoshio Kaneko. (2013) Secondary psychoses: an update. World Psychiatry 12:1, pages 4-15.
Crossref
Shunsuke Maehara. (2013) Pharmacological characterization of metabotropic glutamate^|^ndash;receptor 1 antagonist for the treatment of schizophrenia. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 142:6, pages 280-284.
Crossref
Qi Li, Wai Man Chan, John A. Rudd, Chun Mei Wang, Phoebe Y.H. Lam, Maria Sen Mun Wai, David M. Wood, Paul I. Dargan & David T. Yew. 2013. Novel Psychoactive Substances. Novel Psychoactive Substances 285 316 .
Adam R. Winstock, Luke Mitcheson, David A. Gillatt & Angela M. Cottrell. (2012) The prevalence and natural history of urinary symptoms among recreational ketamine users. BJU International 110:11, pages 1762-1766.
Crossref
Jessica A. Albright, Sarah A. Stevens & Douglas J. Beussman. (2011) Detecting ketamine in beverage residues: Application in date rape detection. Drug Testing and Analysis 4:5, pages 337-341.
Crossref
Celia J. A. Morgan & H. Valerie Curran. (2011) Ketamine use: a review. Addiction 107:1, pages 27-38.
Crossref
Kim Wolff. 2012. Drug Abuse and Addiction in Medical Illness. Drug Abuse and Addiction in Medical Illness 201 211 .
Stuart Hameroff & Deepak Chopra. 2012. Exploring Frontiers of the Mind-Brain Relationship. Exploring Frontiers of the Mind-Brain Relationship 79 93 .
Maria Teresa De Luca & Aldo Badiani. (2010) Ketamine self-administration in the rat: evidence for a critical role of setting. Psychopharmacology 214:2, pages 549-556.
Crossref
Clifford J. Jolly, Jane E. Phillips-Conroy & Alexandra E. Müller. 2012. Field and Laboratory Methods in Primatology. Field and Laboratory Methods in Primatology 133 146 .
Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira, Félix Carvalho, José Alberto Duarte, Ricardo Dias, Teresa Magalhães & Agostinho Santos. (2010) Suicide by hanging under the influence of ketamine and ethanol. Forensic Science International 202:1-3, pages e23-e27.
Crossref
Vibeke S. Catts & Stanley V. Catts. 2011. Secondary Schizophrenia. Secondary Schizophrenia 141 168 .
Shinsuke Inagaki, Hatsune Makino, Takeshi Fukushima, Jun Zhe Min & Toshimasa Toyo'oka. (2009) Rapid detection of ketamine and norketamine in rat hair using micropulverized extraction and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Biomedical Chromatography 23:12, pages 1245-1250.
Crossref
Ching-Chang Lee, Yen-Yue Lin, Chin-Wang Hsu, Shi-Jye Chu & Shih-Hung Tsai. (2009) Movement disorder caused by abuse of veterinary anesthesia containing tiletamine. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 27:8, pages 1022.e5-1022.e6.
Crossref
John C.M. Brust. 2009. Clinical Neurotoxicology. Clinical Neurotoxicology 314 328 .
J. N. Keeman, J. A. Mazel & F. G. Zitman. 2009. Jaarboek huisartsgeneeskunde 2010. Jaarboek huisartsgeneeskunde 2010 49 67 .
Ihab R. Kamel, Woodrow W. Wendling, Dong Chen, Karen S. Wendling, Concetta Harakal & Christer Carlsson. (2008) N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Antagonists—S(+)-ketamine, Dextrorphan, and Dextromethorphan—Act as Calcium Antagonists on Bovine Cerebral Arteries. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 20:4, pages 241-248.
Crossref
John BelantiMahendra PereraKaruppiah Jagadheesan. (2008) Phenomenology of Near-death Experiences: A Cross-cultural Perspective. Transcultural Psychiatry 45:1, pages 121-133.
Crossref
Wei-Hung Chan, Hung-Chang Su, Ming-Hui Hung, Wei-Zen Sun, Shou-Zen Fan, Po-Ni Hsiao & Tzuu-Huei Ueng. (2008) Induction of Hepatic Glutathione S-Transferase and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Activities by Ketamine in Rats. Acta Anaesthesiologica Taiwanica 46:1, pages 2-7.
Crossref
I. Morán Sánchez, M.M. de la Cruz Recio & A. de Concepción Salesa. (2008) Ketamina y trastorno bipolar. Trastornos Adictivos 10:2, pages 127-129.
Crossref
Fabrizio Schifano, John Corkery, Adenekan Oyefeso, Thomy Tonia & Abdol Hamid Ghodse. (2008) Trapped in the "K-hole". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 28:1, pages 114-116.
Crossref
Keith A. Trujillo, Juan J. Zamora & Kathleen P. Warmoth. (2008) Increased Response to Ketamine Following Treatment at Long Intervals: Implications for Intermittent Use. Biological Psychiatry 63:2, pages 178-183.
Crossref
Adnan T. Bhutta. (2007) Ketamine: A Controversial Drug for Neonates. Seminars in Perinatology 31:5, pages 303-308.
Crossref
George S. YacoubianJr.Jr. & Ronald J. Peters. (2016) An Exploration of Recent Club Drug Use among Rave Attendees. Journal of Drug Education 37:2, pages 145-161.
Crossref
. (2007) Abuso de medicamentos: ¿la adicción del siglo XXI?. FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria 14:5, pages 255-262.
Crossref
John C.M. Brust. 2007. Aspects neurologiques de l'addiction. Aspects neurologiques de l'addiction 357 374 .
Edward F. Pace-Schott & J. Allan Hobson. 2007. The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness 141 153 .
W.-H. Chan, T.-L. Chen, R.-M. Chen, W.-Z. Sun & T.-H. Ueng. (2006) Propofol metabolism is enhanced after repetitive ketamine administration in rats: the role of cytochrome P-450 2B induction. British Journal of Anaesthesia 97:3, pages 351-358.
Crossref
Pierre-Paul Tellier. (2006) The Adolescent and Substance Use, An Approach to Office Management. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 33:2, pages 517-530.
Crossref
George A. Ricaurte & Una D. McCann. 2006. Current Therapy in Neurologic Disease. Current Therapy in Neurologic Disease 346 352 .
Alan T. Marty, Frank L. Hilton, Robert K. Spear & Bruce Greyson. (2005) Postcesarean Pulmonary Embolism, Sustained Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Embolectomy, and Near-Death Experience. Obstetrics & Gynecology 106:5, pages 1153-1155.
Crossref
Jane Lees, Jaime E.C. Hallak, John F.W. Deakin & Serdar M. Dursun. (2016) Gender Differences and the Effects of Ketamine in Healthy Volunteers. Journal of Psychopharmacology 18:3, pages 337-339.
Crossref
Sergio Abanades, Ana M. Peiró & Magí Farré. (2004) Club drugs: los viejos fármacos son las nuevas drogas de la fiesta. Medicina Clínica 123:8, pages 305-311.
Crossref
George S. YacoubianJr.Jr., Sarah Miller, Selwyn Pianim, Michael Kunz, Erin Orrick, Tanja Link, Wilson R. Palacios & Ronald J. Peters. (2016) Toward an Ecstasy and Other Club Drug (EOCD) Prevention Intervention for Rave Attendees. Journal of Drug Education 34:1, pages 41-59.
Crossref
J. Royo-Isach, M. Magrané, M. Domingo & B. Cortés. (2004) La «keta» (ketamina): del fármaco a la droga de abuso. Clínica biopsicosocial del consumidor y algunas propuestas terapéuticas. Atención Primaria 34:3, pages 147-151.
Crossref
John C.M. Brust. 2004. Neurological Aspects of Substance Abuse. Neurological Aspects of Substance Abuse 293 307 .
C. Ori, M. Dalsasso & U. Freo. 2004. Anaesthesia, Pain, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine — A.P.I.C.E.. Anaesthesia, Pain, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine — A.P.I.C.E. 863 879 .
Mark A. Bellis, Karen Hughes, Andrew Bennett & Roderick Thomson. (2003) The role of an international nightlife resort in the proliferation of recreational drugs. Addiction 98:12, pages 1713-1721.
Crossref
Ahai Chang Lua, Huei Ru Lin, Yong Te Tseng, An Ren Hu & Pei Chi Yeh. (2003) Profiles of urine samples from participants at rave party in Taiwan: prevalence of ketamine and MDMA abuse. Forensic Science International 136:1-3, pages 47-51.
Crossref
Andrea Balla, Henry Sershen, Michael Serra, Rajeth Koneru & Daniel C Javitt. (2003) Subchronic Continuous Phencyclidine Administration Potentiates Amphetamine-Induced Frontal Cortex Dopamine Release. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:1, pages 34-44.
Crossref
Simon Wein, Odette Spruyt & Rebecca Chapman. (2002) Ketamine as a Possible Cause of Delirium. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 32:3, pages 212-214.
Crossref
X. Claramonte, S. Nogué & C. Monsalve. (2002) ¿Nuevas drogas de diseño? ¿Nuevas drogas de síntesis?. FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria 9:5, pages 323-334.
Crossref
Stephen C Koesters, Peter D Rogers & Christiana R Rajasingham. (2002) MDMA (‘ecstasy’) and other ‘club drugs’. Pediatric Clinics of North America 49:2, pages 415-433.
Crossref
Hany Z. Rofael & Mohamed S. Abdel-Rahman. (2002) The role of ketamine on plasma cocaine pharmacokinetics in rat. Toxicology Letters 129:1-2, pages 167-176.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.