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Speech Monographs Volume 38, 1971 - Issue 1
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Heart rate as an index of speech anxiety

Ralph R. Behnke Assistant Professor of Communication and Director of the Communication Research Center, Florida State University
&
Larry W. Carlile Research Assistant in the Communication Research Center, Florida State University
Pages 65-69 | Published online: 02 Jun 2009

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Paul E. King & Amber N. Finn. (2017) A test of attention control theory in public speaking: cognitive load influences the relationship between state anxiety and verbal production. Communication Education 66:2, pages 168-182.
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Sean M. Horan & Tamara D. Afifi. (2014) Advancing Instructional Communication: Integrating a Biosocial Approach. Communication Education 63:4, pages 383-404.
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GrahamD. Bodie . (2010) A Racing Heart, Rattling Knees, and Ruminative Thoughts: Defining, Explaining, and Treating Public Speaking Anxiety. Communication Education 59:1, pages 70-105.
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MelissaJ. Buehler & LauraU. Schneider. (2009) Speak Up! Oral Examinations and Political Science. Journal of Political Science Education 5:4, pages 315-331.
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AmberN. Finn, ChrisR. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (2009) A Model of Anxious Arousal for Public Speaking. Communication Education 58:3, pages 417-432.
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AmberN. Finn, ChrisR. Sawyer & Paul Schrodt. (2009) Examining the Effect of Exposure Therapy on Public Speaking State Anxiety. Communication Education 58:1, pages 92-109.
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KayB. Harris, Chris R. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (2006) Predicting Speech State Anxiety from Trait Anxiety, Reactivity, and Situational Influences. Communication Quarterly 54:2, pages 213-226.
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PaulL. Witt, KennariaC. Brown, JamesB. Roberts, Jessica Weisel, ChrisR. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (2006) Somatic Anxiety Patterns Before, During, and After Giving a Public Speech. Southern Communication Journal 71:1, pages 87-100.
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PaulL. Witt & RalphR. Behnke. (2006) Anticipatory Speech Anxiety as a Function of Public Speaking Assignment Type . Communication Education 55:2, pages 167-177.
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ShannonC. McCullough, ShellyG. Russell, RalphR. Behnke, ChrisR. Sawyer & PaulL. Witt. (2006) Anticipatory Public Speaking State Anxiety as a Function of Body Sensations and State of Mind. Communication Quarterly 54:1, pages 101-109.
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PaulE. King & RalphR. Behnke. (2004) Patterns of state anxiety in listening performance. Southern Communication Journal 70:1, pages 72-80.
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JamesB. Roberts, ChrisR. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (2004) A neurological representation of speech state anxiety: Mapping salivary cortisol levels of public speakers. Western Journal of Communication 68:2, pages 219-231.
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AmberN. Finn, ChrisR. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (2003) Audience‐perceived anxiety patterns of public speakers. Communication Quarterly 51:4, pages 470-481.
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Penny Addison, Ele Clay, Shuang Xie, ChrisR. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (2003) Worry as a function of public speaking state anxiety type. Communication Reports 16:2, pages 125-131.
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Maili Pörhölä. (2002) Arousal Styles during Public Speaking. Communication Education 51:4, pages 420-438.
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ChrisR. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (2002) Reduction in public speaking state anxiety during performance as a function of sensitization processes. Communication Quarterly 50:1, pages 110-121.
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RalphR. Behnke & ChrisR. Sawyer. (2001) Public speaking arousal as a function of anticipatory activation and autonomic reactivity. Communication Reports 14:2, pages 73-85.
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RalphR. Behnke & ChrisR. Sawyer. (2001) Patterns of psychological state anxiety in public speaking as a function of anxiety sensitivity. Communication Quarterly 49:1, pages 84-94.
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RalphR. Behnke & ChrisR. Sawyer. (2000) Anticipatory anxiety patterns for male and female public speakers. Communication Education 49:2, pages 187-195.
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MichaelJ. Beatty & Kristin Marie Valencic. (2000) Context‐based apprehension versus planning demands: A communibiological analysis of anticipatory public speaking anxiety. Communication Education 49:1, pages 58-71.
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RalphR. Behnke & ChrisR. Sawyer. (1999) Milestones of anticipatory public speaking anxiety. Communication Education 48:2, pages 165-172.
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ChrisR. Sawyer & RalphR. Behnke. (1999) State anxiety patterns for public speaking and the behavior inhibition system. Communication Reports 12:1, pages 33-41.
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RalphR. Behnke & ChrisR. Sawyer. (1998) Conceptualizing speech anxiety as a dynamic trait. Southern Communication Journal 63:2, pages 160-168.
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Maili Pörhölä. (1997) Trait anxiety, experience, and the public speaking state responses of Finnish university students. Communication Research Reports 14:3, pages 367-384.
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MichaelT. Motley & JenniferL. Molloy. (1994) An efficacy test of a new therapy (“Communication‐orientation motivation”) for public speaking anxiety. Journal of Applied Communication Research 22:1, pages 48-58.
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Maili Porhölä, Pekka Isotalus & Tiina Ovaskainen. (1993) Communication‐elicited arousal in public speaking, small group and dyadic contexts: Comparisons of change in heart rate. Communication Research Reports 10:1, pages 29-37.
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CharlesH. Tardy, MichaelT. Allen, WalterR. Thompson & MarkR. Leary. (1991) Social anxiety and cardiovascular responses to interpersonal communication. Southern Communication Journal 57:1, pages 25-34.
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Joe Ayres. (1991) Using visual aids to reduce speech anxiety. Communication Research Reports 8:1, pages 73-79.
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MichaelJ. Beatty, Gary Leonard Balfantz & AlisonY. Kuwabara. (1989) Trait‐like qualities of selected variables assumed to be transient causes of performance state anxiety. Communication Education 38:3, pages 277-289.
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Mike Allen. (1989) A comparison of self‐report, observer, and physiological assessments of public speaking anxiety reduction techniques using meta‐analysis. Communication Studies 40:2, pages 127-139.
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LeylandF. Pitt & B. “Ram” Ramaseshan. (1989) Communication apprehension and salesperson performance—what gift of what gab?∗ . Journal of Marketing Management 5:2, pages 173-189.
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MichaelJ. Beatty. (1988) Public speaking apprehension, decision‐making errors in the selection of speech introduction strategies and adherence to strategy. Communication Education 37:4, pages 297-311.
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Melanie Booth‐Butterfield & Steven Butterfield. (1986) Effects of evaluation, task structure, trait‐CA, and reticence on state‐CA and behavioral disruption in dyadic settings. Communication Monographs 53:2, pages 144-159.
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Steven Booth‐Butterfield & Malloy Gould. (1986) The communication anxiety inventory: Validation of state‐and context‐communication apprehension. Communication Quarterly 34:2, pages 194-205.
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ThomasM. Steinfatt & CharlesV. Roberts$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (1983) Source credibility and physiological arousal: An important variable in the credibility‐information retention relationship. Southern Speech Communication Journal 48:4, pages 340-355.
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JohnO. Greene & GlennG. Sparks. (1983) The role of outcome expectations in the experience of a state of communication apprehension. Communication Quarterly 31:3, pages 212-219.
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WilliamE. Rickert$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), RalphR. Behnke, MichaelJ. Beatty & Ted Colson. (1983) Research. Literature in Performance 3:2, pages 104-107.
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RalphR. Behnke & MichaelJ. Beatty. (1981) A cognitive‐physiological model of speech anxiety. Communication Monographs 48:2, pages 158-163.
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WarrenE. Watson & KarlJ. Krayer. (1980) Three levels of communication apprehension: A value profile. Southern Speech Communication Journal 46:1, pages 61-71.
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RalphR. Behnke, MichaelJ. Beatty & JamesT. Kitchens. (1978) Cognitively‐experienced speech anxiety as a predictor of trembling. Western Journal of Speech Communication 42:4, pages 270-275.
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DominicA. Infante & JeanneY. Fisher. (1978) Anticipated credibility and message strategy intentions as predictors of trait and state speech anxiety. Central States Speech Journal 29:1, pages 1-10.
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Michael D. Scott, Lawrence R. Wheeless, Michael P. Yates & Fred L. Randolph. (1977) The Effects of Communication Apprehension and Test Anxiety on Three Indicants of Achievement in an Alternative System of Instruction: A Follow-Up Study. Annals of the International Communication Association 1:1, pages 543-554.
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Michael D. Scott & Lawrence R. Wheeless. (1977) Instructional Communication Theory and Research: An Overview. Annals of the International Communication Association 1:1, pages 495-511.
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LarryW. Carlile, RalphR. Behnke & JamesT. Kitchens. (1977) A psychological pattern of anxiety in public speaking. Communication Quarterly 25:4, pages 44-46.
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MichaelT. Motley. (1976) Stage fright manipulation by (false) heart rate feedback. Central States Speech Journal 27:3, pages 186-191.
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MichaelJ. Beatty, MichaelW. Kruger & RonG. Springhorn. (1976) Toward the development of cognitively experienced speech anxiety scales. Central States Speech Journal 27:3, pages 181-185.
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RalphR. Behnke, LarryW. Carlile & DouglasH. Lamb. (1974) A psychophysiological study of state and trait anxiety in public speaking. Central States Speech Journal 25:4, pages 249-253.
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Ronald Bassett, RalphR. Behnke, LarryW. Carlile & Jimmie Rogers. (1973) The effects of positive and negative audience responses on the autonomic arousal of student speakers. Southern Speech Communication Journal 38:3, pages 255-261.
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