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Communication Monographs Volume 59, 1992 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

Use of inoculation to promote resistance to smoking initiation among adolescents

Michael Pfau Professor and head of the Department of Communication/Theatre, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD
,
Steve Van Bockern Associate professor of education, Augustana College,
&
Jong Geun Kang Assistant professor of communication, Augustana College,
Pages 213-230 | Published online: 02 Jun 2009

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Josh Compton. (2023) Inoculation Theory as Rhetorical Strategy in The Evidence at Large (1805). Western Journal of Communication 87:4, pages 668-680.
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Wayne Wei-Kuo Lin. (2022) Applying inoculation theory in international political campaigns: Analysing public opinion on campaign issues toward Taiwan–PRC relations. Communication Research and Practice 8:3, pages 214-228.
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Yoori Hwang, Jung-Yoon Yum & Se-Hoon Jeong. (2018) What Components Should Be Included in Advertising Literacy Education? Effect of Component Types and the Moderating Role of Age. Journal of Advertising 47:4, pages 347-361.
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Norman C. H. Wong. (2016) “Vaccinations are Safe and Effective”: Inoculating Positive HPV Vaccine Attitudes Against Antivaccination Attack Messages. Communication Reports 29:3, pages 127-138.
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Cordelle B. Yorke, Dexter R. Voisin, Kathryn R. Berringer & Liz S. Alexander. (2016) Cultural factors influencing mental health help-seeking attitudes among Black English-Speaking Caribbean immigrants in the United States and Britain. Social Work in Mental Health 14:2, pages 174-194.
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Adam S. Richards & John A. Banas. (2015) Inoculating Against Reactance to Persuasive Health Messages. Health Communication 30:5, pages 451-460.
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Kimberly A. Parker, Bobi Ivanov & Josh Compton. (2012) Inoculation's Efficacy With Young Adults' Risky Behaviors: Can Inoculation Confer Cross-Protection Over Related but Untreated Issues?. Health Communication 27:3, pages 223-233.
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E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens, Lisa Vaughn & JudithS. Gordon. (2010) Youths' and Parents' Views on the Acceptability and Design of a Video-Based Tobacco Prevention Intervention. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 19:5, pages 391-405.
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JohnA. Banas & StephenA. Rains. (2010) A Meta-Analysis of Research on Inoculation Theory. Communication Monographs 77:3, pages 281-311.
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Bobi Ivanov, Michael Pfau & Kimberly Ann Parker. (2009) The Attitude Base as a Moderator of the Effectiveness of Inoculation Strategy. Communication Monographs 76:1, pages 47-72.
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Michael Pfau, ShaneM. Semmler, Leslie Deatrick, Alicia Mason, Gwen Nisbett, Lindsay Lane, Elizabeth Craig, Jill Underhill & John Banas. (2009) Nuances about the Role and Impact of Affect in Inoculation. Communication Monographs 76:1, pages 73-98.
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PamelaK. Cupp, RickS. Zimmerman, Arvin Bhana, Sonja Feist-Price, Olga Dekhtyar, Aaron Karnell & Leane Ramsoomar. (2008) Combining and adapting American school-based alcohol and HIV prevention programmes in South Africa: The HAPS project. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 3:2, pages 134-142.
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Michael Pfau, MichelM. Haigh, Theresa Shannon, Toni Tones, Deborah Mercurio, Raina Williams, Blanca Binstock, Carlos Diaz, Constance Dillard, Margaret Browne, Clarence Elder, Sherri Reed, Adam Eggers & Juan Melendez. (2008) The Influence of Television News Depictions of the Images of War on Viewers. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 52:2, pages 303-322.
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Josh Compton & Michael Pfau. (2008) Inoculating Against Pro-Plagiarism Justifications: Rational and Affective Strategies. Journal of Applied Communication Research 36:1, pages 98-119.
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SmitaC. Banerjee & Kathryn Greene. (2007) Antismoking Initiatives: Effects of Analysis Versus Production Media Literacy Interventions on Smoking-Related Attitude, Norm, and Behavioral Intention. Health Communication 22:1, pages 37-48.
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Hua-Hsin Wan & Robert Schell. (2007) Reassessing Corporate Image—An Examination of How Image Bridges Symbolic Relationships With Behavioral Relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research 19:1, pages 25-45.
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Jonathan Matusitz & Gerald Mark Breen. (2005) Prevention of Sexual Harassment in the Medical Setting. Journal of Health & Social Policy 21:2, pages 53-71.
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Erica Weintraub Austin, Bruce E. Pinkleton, Stacey J. T. Hust & Marilyn Cohen. (2005) Evaluation of an American Legacy Foundation/Washington State Department of Health Media Literacy Pilot Study. Health Communication 18:1, pages 75-95.
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Wei-Kuo Lin. (2005) Inoculation to resist attacks. Asian Journal of Communication 15:1, pages 85-102.
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Hua-Hsin Wan & Michael Pfau. (2004) The Relative Effectiveness of Inoculation, Bolstering, and Combined Approaches in Crisis Communication. Journal of Public Relations Research 16:3, pages 301-328.
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Robin L. Nabi. (2003) "Feeling" Resistance: Exploring the Role of Emotionally Evocative Visuals in Inducing Inoculation. Media Psychology 5:2, pages 199-223.
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Michael Pfau, David Roskos-Ewoldsen, Michelle Wood, Suya Yin, Jaeho Cho, Kerr-Hsin Lu & Lijiang Shen. (2003) Attitude Accessibility as an Alternative Explanation for How Inoculation Confers Resistance. Communication Monographs 70:1, pages 39-51.
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Michael Pfau, R. Lance Holbert, Stephen J. Zubric, Nilofer H. Pasha & Wei-Kuo Lin. (2000) Role and Influence of Communication Modality in the Process of Resistance to Persuasion. Media Psychology 2:1, pages 1-33.
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Michael Pfau, Kyle James Tusing, Waipeng Lee, LindaC. Godbold, Ascan Koerner, LindaJ. Penaloza, Yah‐huei Hong & Violet Shu‐huei Yang. (1997) Nuances in inoculation: The role of inoculation approach, ego‐involvement, and message processing disposition in resistance. Communication Quarterly 45:4, pages 461-481.
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TimothyR. Levine & EugeniaE. Badger. (1993) Argumentativeness and resistance to persuasion. Communication Reports 6:2, pages 71-78.
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Articles from other publishers (53)

Rafi M.M.I. Chowdhury & Felix Septianto. (2022) Recruiting volunteers: the roles of fear, hope and courage. European Journal of Marketing 57:1, pages 226-257.
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Deniz Cemiloglu, Emily Arden-Close, Sarah E. Hodge & Raian Ali. (2023) Explainable persuasion for interactive design: The case of online gambling. Journal of Systems and Software 195, pages 111517.
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Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Daniel W. Snook, Domnica Dzitac & Abdelhak Cheppih. (2023) Challenging extremism: A randomized control trial examining the impact of counternarratives in the Middle East and North Africa. Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology 4, pages 100097.
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Robert B. BurnsRobert B. Burns. 2023. The Human Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Human Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic 59 89 .
Cecilie S. Traberg, Trisha Harjani, Melisa Basol, Mikey Biddlestone, Rakoen Maertens, Jon Roozenbeek & Sander van der Linden. 2023. Managing Infodemics in the 21st Century. Managing Infodemics in the 21st Century 99 111 .
Pratiti Diddi & Lewen Wei. (2022) Crisis management on social media: Effect of pre-crisis inoculation strategy and midst-crisis organizational interactivity. Public Relations Review 48:5, pages 102206.
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Li Crystal Jiang, Mengru Sun, Tsz Hang Chu & Stella C. Chia. (2022) Inoculation works and health advocacy backfires: Building resistance to COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in a low political trust context. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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EunHae Park, Seoyeon Kim & Glen T. Cameron. (2022) Immunize the HPV Vaccine Rumors: Effects of Inoculation Messages and Tone of Voice on Parental Intention to Vaccinate Their Children. Journal of Community Health 47:5, pages 790-799.
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Josh Compton. 2022. The International Encyclopedia of Health Communication. The International Encyclopedia of Health Communication 1 5 .
Severin Weiler, Christian Matt & Thomas Hess. (2021) Immunizing with information – Inoculation messages against conversational agents’ response failures. Electronic Markets 32:1, pages 239-258.
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Victoria L. RubinVictoria L. Rubin. 2022. Misinformation and Disinformation. Misinformation and Disinformation 29 60 .
Josh Compton, Sander Linden, John Cook & Melisa Basol. (2021) Inoculation theory in the post‐truth era: Extant findings and new frontiers for contested science, misinformation, and conspiracy theories. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 15:6.
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Sander van der Linden, Jon Roozenbeek, Rakoen Maertens, Melisa Basol, Ondřej Kácha, Steve Rathje & Cecilie Steenbuch Traberg. (2021) How Can Psychological Science Help Counter the Spread of Fake News?. The Spanish Journal of Psychology 24.
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Sander van der Linden, Jon Roozenbeek & Josh Compton. (2020) Inoculating Against Fake News About COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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Josh Compton. (2020) Prophylactic Versus Therapeutic Inoculation Treatments for Resistance to Influence. Communication Theory 30:3, pages 330-343.
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Bobi Ivanov, Kimberly A. Parker & Lindsay Dillingham. 2020. The Handbook of Applied Communication Research. The Handbook of Applied Communication Research 11 28 .
Kurt Braddock. 2020. Weaponized Words. Weaponized Words.
Xiaochun Xie, Xiaosong Gai & Yong Zhou. (2019) A meta-analysis of media literacy interventions for deviant behaviors. Computers & Education 139, pages 146-156.
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Josh Compton & Elizabeth A. Craig. (2019) Family Communication Patterns, Inoculation Theory, and Adolescent Substance‐Abuse Prevention: Harnessing Post‐Inoculation Talk and Family Communication Environments to Spread Positive Influence. Journal of Family Theory & Review 11:2, pages 277-288.
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Emily K. Vraga & Melissa Tully. (2016) Effectiveness of a Non-Classroom News Media Literacy Intervention Among Different Undergraduate Populations. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator 71:4, pages 440-452.
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Dexter R Voisin & Caitlin Elsaesser. (2014) Brief report: The protective effects of school engagement for African American adolescent males. Journal of Health Psychology 21:4, pages 573-576.
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Alicia M Mason & Claude H Miller. (2015) Potentially deceptive health nutrition–related advertising claims: The role of inoculation in conferring resistance. Health Education Journal 75:2, pages 144-157.
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Josh Compton, Ben Jackson & James A. Dimmock. (2016) Persuading Others to Avoid Persuasion: Inoculation Theory and Resistant Health Attitudes. Frontiers in Psychology 7.
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Ben Jackson, Josh Compton, Ryan Whiddett, David R. Anthony & James A. Dimmock. (2015) Preempting Performance Challenges: The Effects of Inoculation Messaging on Attacks to Task Self-Efficacy. PLOS ONE 10:4, pages e0124886.
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Elspeth Tilley, Niki Murray, Bronwyn Watson & Margie Comrie. (2014) New Views on a ‘Stuck’ Issue: Communicating about Childhood Immunisation in Aotearoa New Zealand. Media International Australia 152:1, pages 40-56.
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Robert West & Jamie Brown. 2013. Theory of Addiction. Theory of Addiction 136 151 .
Manuela Cantoia. (2013) "Fumare è come..": le credenze sul fumo degli studenti di scuola superiore. RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA:4, pages 605-620.
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Claude H. Miller, Bobi Ivanov, Jeanetta Sims, Josh Compton, Kylie J. Harrison, Kimberly A. Parker, James L. Parker & Joshua M. Averbeck. (2013) Boosting the Potency of Resistance: Combining the Motivational Forces of Inoculation and Psychological Reactance. Human Communication Research 39:1, pages 127-155.
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Byron Kemp, Melanie Randle, Anna Hurlimann & Sara Dolnicar. (2012) Community acceptance of recycled water: can we inoculate the public against scare campaigns?. Journal of Public Affairs 12:4, pages 337-346.
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Se-Hoon Jeong, Hyunyi Cho & Yoori Hwang. (2012) Media Literacy Interventions: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Communication 62:3, pages 454-472.
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Fei-Kai Syu, Ming-Yii Huang & Jon-Jong Huang. (2010) A Successful Intervention to Reduce Cigarillo Use Among Baltimore Youth. Fooyin Journal of Health Sciences 2:3-4, pages 72-84.
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Kenzie A. Cameron. (2009) A practitioner’s guide to persuasion: An overview of 15 selected persuasion theories, models and frameworks. Patient Education and Counseling 74:3, pages 309-317.
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Josh Compton & Michael Pfau. (2009) Spreading Inoculation: Inoculation, Resistance to Influence, and Word-of-Mouth Communication. Communication Theory 19:1, pages 9-28.
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David B. BullerRon Borland, W. Gill Woodall, John R. Hall, Joan M. Hines, Patricia Burris-Woodall, Gary R. Cutter, Caroline Miller, James Balmford, Randall Starling, Bryan Ax & Laura Saba. (2006) Randomized Trials on Consider This, a Tailored, Internet-Delivered Smoking Prevention Program for Adolescents. Health Education & Behavior 35:2, pages 260-281.
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Erica Weintraub Austin, Bruce E. Pinkleton & Ruth Patterson Funabiki. (2016) The Desirability Paradox in the Effects of Media Literacy Training. Communication Research 34:5, pages 483-506.
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Michelle L. M. Wood. (2007) Rethinking the Inoculation Analogy: Effects on Subjects With Differing Preexisting Attitudes. Human Communication Research 33:3, pages 357-378.
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Hua-Hsin Wan & Robert Schell. (2007) Reassessing Corporate Image?An Examination of How Image Bridges Symbolic Relationships With Behavioral Relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research 19:1, pages 25-45.
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Françoise CôtéGaston Godin & Camille Gagné. (2006) Efficiency of an Evidence-Based Intervention to Promote and Reinforce Tobacco Abstinence Among Elementary Schoolchildren in a School Transition Period. Health Education & Behavior 33:6, pages 747-759.
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Smita C. Banerjee & Kathryn Greene. (2006) Analysis Versus Production: Adolescent Cognitive and Attitudinal Responses to Antismoking Interventions. Journal of Communication 56:4, pages 773-794.
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Joshua A. Compton & Michael Pfau. (2005) Chapter 4: Inoculation Theory of Resistance to Influence at Maturity: Recent Progress In Theory Development and Application and Suggestions for Future Research. Communication Yearbook 29:1, pages 97-145.
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Steven Rosenberg. (2016) Inoculation Effect in Prevention of Increased Verbal Aggression in Schools. Psychological Reports 95:3_suppl, pages 1219-1226.
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Roxanne Parrott. (2004) Emphasizing “Communication” in Health Communication. Journal of Communication 54:4, pages 751-787.
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STEVEN ROSENBERG. (2004) INOCULATION EFFECT IN PREVENTION OF INCREASED VERBAL AGGRESSION IN SCHOOLS. Psychological Reports 95:7, pages 1219.
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Michael Pfau, David Roskos-Ewoldsen, Michelle Wood, Suya Yin, Jaeho Cho, Kerr-Hsin Lu & Lijiang Shen. (2003) Attitude Accessibility as an Alternative Explanation for How Inoculation Confers Resistance. Communication Monographs 70:1, pages 1-1.
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