892
Views
81
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Development and mechanical characterization of solvent-cast polymeric films as potential drug delivery systems to mucosal surfaces

, , , , &
Pages 986-996 | Received 25 Oct 2008, Accepted 12 Jan 2009, Published online: 19 May 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (16)

Daniella Goder, Lior Matsliah, Shir Giladi, Liron Reshef-Steinberger, Idan Zin, Alon Shaul & Meital Zilberman. (2021) Mechanical, physical and biological characterization of soy protein films loaded with bupivacaine for wound healing applications. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 70:5, pages 345-355.
Read now
Sedigheh Shirbakht, Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh, Seyed Amin Mirmohammadi & Mehdi Salehi Barough. (2019) Evaluation of GS-loaded poly1-hexene as a new elastomeric drug release system. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 24:8, pages 709-720.
Read now
Yasmin Thabet, Marta Slavkova & Jörg Breitkreutz. (2018) 10 years EU regulation of pediatric medicines – impact on cardiovascular drug formulations. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 15:3, pages 261-270.
Read now
Javid Jalvandi, Max White, Yuan Gao, Yen Bach Truong, Rajiv Padhye & Ilias Louis Kyratzis. (2017) Slow release of levofloxacin conjugated on silica nanoparticles from poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanofibers. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 66:10, pages 507-513.
Read now
Brunella Parodi, Eleonora Russo, Sara Baldassari, Guendalina Zuccari, Sara Pastorino, Mengying Yan, Karthik Neduri & Gabriele Caviglioli. (2017) Development and characterization of a mucoadhesive sublingual formulation for pain control: extemporaneous oxycodone films in personalized therapy. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 43:6, pages 917-924.
Read now
Ana Filipa Borges, Branca M. A. Silva, Cláudia Silva, Jorge F. J. Coelho & Sérgio Simões. (2016) Hydrophobic polymers for orodispersible films: a quality by design approach. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 13:10, pages 1357-1374.
Read now
Raphael Krampe, J. Carolina Visser, Henderik W. Frijlink, Jörg Breitkreutz, Herman J. Woerdenbag & Maren Preis. (2016) Oromucosal film preparations: points to consider for patient centricity and manufacturing processes. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 13:4, pages 493-506.
Read now
Shiow-Fern Ng & Hon-Lunn Leow. (2015) Development of biofilm-targeted antimicrobial wound dressing for the treatment of chronic wound infections. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 41:11, pages 1902-1909.
Read now
Qingyuan Lv, Chengying Shen, Xianyi Li, Baode Shen, Chao Yu, Pinghua Xu, He Xu, Jin Han & Hailong Yuan. (2015) Mucoadhesive buccal films containing phospholipid-bile salts-mixed micelles as an effective carrier for Cucurbitacin B delivery. Drug Delivery 22:3, pages 351-358.
Read now
Shiow-Fern Ng, Pit-Chin Lew & Yong-Boey Sin. (2014) Hydrogel-gauze dressing for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: development and efficacy study on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 40:11, pages 1538-1546.
Read now
Elaheh Mortazavian, Farid Abedin Dorkoosh & Morteza Rafiee-Tehrani. (2014) Design, characterization and ex vivo evaluation of chitosan film integrating of insulin nanoparticles composed of thiolated chitosan derivative for buccal delivery of insulin. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 40:5, pages 691-698.
Read now
Mohammed Maniruzzaman, Joshua S. Boateng, Babur Z. Chowdhry, Martin J. Snowden & Dennis Douroumis. (2014) A review on the taste masking of bitter APIs: hot-melt extrusion (HME) evaluation. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 40:2, pages 145-156.
Read now
Maren Preis, Christina Woertz, Peter Kleinebudde & Jörg Breitkreutz. (2013) Oromucosal film preparations: classification and characterization methods. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 10:9, pages 1303-1317.
Read now
Farnoosh Kianfar, Babur Z. Chowdhry, Milan D. Antonijevic & Joshua S. Boateng. (2012) Novel films for drug delivery via the buccal mucosa using model soluble and insoluble drugs. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 38:10, pages 1207-1220.
Read now
Joshua S. Boateng, Kerr H. Matthews, Anthony D. Auffret, Mike J. Humphrey, Gillian M. Eccleston & Howard N. Stevens. (2012) Comparison of the in vitro release characteristics of mucosal freeze-dried wafers and solvent-cast films containing an insoluble drug. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 38:1, pages 47-54.
Read now
Eva Maria Hoffmann, Armin Breitenbach & Jörg Breitkreutz. (2011) Advances in orodispersible films for drug delivery. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 8:3, pages 299-316.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (65)

Baljit Singh, Jasvir Singh, Vikrant Sharma, Priyanka Sharma & Rajesh Kumar. (2023) Functionalization of bioactive moringa gum for designing hydrogel wound dressings. Hybrid Advances 4, pages 100096.
Crossref
Sravan Kumar Patel, Hrushikesh Agashe, Dorothy L. Patton, Yvonne Sweeney, May A. Beamer, Craig W. Hendrix, Sharon L. Hillier & Lisa C. Rohan. (2023) Tenofovir vaginal film as a potential MPT product against HIV-1 and HSV-2 acquisition: formulation development and preclinical assessment in non-human primates. Frontiers in Reproductive Health 5.
Crossref
Fabiola V. Borbolla-Jiménez, Sheila I. Peña-Corona, Sonia J. Farah, María Teresa Jiménez-Valdés, Emiliano Pineda-Pérez, Alejandra Romero-Montero, María Luisa Del Prado-Audelo, Sergio Alberto Bernal-Chávez, Jonathan J. Magaña & Gerardo Leyva-Gómez. (2023) Films for Wound Healing Fabricated Using a Solvent Casting Technique. Pharmaceutics 15:7, pages 1914.
Crossref
Khanh Van Nguyen, Thu Kim Dang, Linh Thi Dieu Vu, Nhan Thi Ha, Hieu Duy Truong & Tuan Hiep Tran. (2023) Orodispersible film incorporating nanoparticulate loratadine for an enhanced oral bioavailability. Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation 53:3, pages 417-426.
Crossref
Vishnu Priya Murali & Rangasamy Jayakumar. 2023. Natural Biopolymers in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering. Natural Biopolymers in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering 3 23 .
Ahmad Salawi. (2022) An Insight into Preparatory Methods and Characterization of Orodispersible Film—A Review. Pharmaceuticals 15:7, pages 844.
Crossref
Garba M. Khalid & Francesca Selmin. 2022. Properties and Applications of Alginates. Properties and Applications of Alginates.
Yoshiko Takeuchi, Fumika Hayakawa, Kohei Tahara & Hirofumi Takeuchi. (2021) Orally disintegrating films: The effects of water content on disintegration and mechanical properties. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 66, pages 102893.
Crossref
Jirapornchai Suksaeree, Pattwat Maneewattanapinyo, Kamon Panrat, Wiwat Pichayakorn & Chaowalit Monton. (2021) Solvent‐Cast Polymeric Films from Pectin and Eudragit® NE 30D for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 29:10, pages 3174-3184.
Crossref
Md. Saifur Rahman, Md. Saif Hasan, Ashis Sutradhar Nitai, Sunghyun Nam, Aneek Krishna Karmakar, Md. Shameem Ahsan, Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky & Mohammad Boshir Ahmed. (2021) Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose. Polymers 13:8, pages 1345.
Crossref
Jhing-Ee Gan & Chai-Yee Chin. (2021) Formulation and characterisation of alginate hydrocolloid film dressing loaded with gallic acid for potential chronic wound healing. F1000Research 10, pages 451.
Crossref
Laura Rimkiene, Juste Baranauskaite, Mindaugas Marksa, Laurynas Jarukas & Liudas Ivanauskas. (2020) Development and Evaluation of Ginkgo biloba L. Extract Loaded into Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sublingual Films. Applied Sciences 11:1, pages 270.
Crossref
Carlo Bergonzi, Giovanna Gomez d'Ayala, Lisa Elviri, Paola Laurienzo, Antonella Bandiera & Ovidio Catanzano. (2020) Alginate/human elastin-like polypeptide composite films with antioxidant properties for potential wound healing application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 164, pages 586-596.
Crossref
Yoshiko Takeuchi, Nozomi Ikeda, Kohei Tahara & Hirofumi Takeuchi. (2020) Mechanical characteristics of orally disintegrating films: Comparison of folding endurance and tensile properties. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 589, pages 119876.
Crossref
Thais F. R. Alves, Alesssandra C. Rios, Katiusca da Silva Pontes, Decio L. Portella, Norberto Aranha, Patricia Severino, Eliana B. Souto, Joyce K. M. Gonsalves, Rogeria de Souza Nunes & Marco V. Chaud. (2020) Bilayer Mucoadhesive Buccal Film for Mucosal Ulcers Treatment: Development, Characterization, and Single Study Case. Pharmaceutics 12:7, pages 657.
Crossref
Prabhjot Kaur, Vijay Singh Gondil & Sanjay Chhibber. (2019) A novel wound dressing consisting of PVA-SA hybrid hydrogel membrane for topical delivery of bacteriophages and antibiotics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 572, pages 118779.
Crossref
Nasrul Wathoni, Taofik Rusdiana, Aliya Nur Hasanah, Ahmad Muhtadi, Elasari Dwi Pratiwi, Ripa’tul Mahmudah, Ahmed Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed, Maiko OkajimaTatsuo KanekoHidetoshi Arima. (2019) Sacran Hydrogel Film Containing Keratinocyte Growth Factor Accelerates Wound Healing by Stimulating Fibroblast Migration and Re-epithelization. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 67:8, pages 849-854.
Crossref
Heidi Öblom, Erica Sjöholm, Maria Rautamo & Niklas Sandler. (2019) Towards Printed Pediatric Medicines in Hospital Pharmacies: Comparison of 2D and 3D-Printed Orodispersible Warfarin Films with Conventional Oral Powders in Unit Dose Sachets. Pharmaceutics 11:7, pages 334.
Crossref
Bakti B. Sedayu, Marlene J. Cran & Stephen W. Bigger. (2019) A Review of Property Enhancement Techniques for Carrageenan-based Films and Coatings. Carbohydrate Polymers 216, pages 287-302.
Crossref
Katarzyna Wasilewska & Katarzyna Winnicka. (2019) How to assess orodispersible film quality? A review of applied methods and their modifications. Acta Pharmaceutica 69:2, pages 155-176.
Crossref
Forough Hafezi, Nikolaos Scoutaris, Dennis Douroumis & Joshua Boateng. (2019) 3D printed chitosan dressing crosslinked with genipin for potential healing of chronic wounds. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 560, pages 406-415.
Crossref
Taradokht Alavi, Masoud Rezvanian, Naveed Ahmad, Najwa Mohamad & Shiow-Fern Ng. (2017) Pluronic-F127 composite film loaded with erythromycin for wound application: formulation, physicomechanical and in vitro evaluations. Drug Delivery and Translational Research 9:2, pages 508-519.
Crossref
Joshua Boateng & Obinna Okeke. (2019) Evaluation of Clay-Functionalized Wafers and Films for Nicotine Replacement Therapy via Buccal Mucosa. Pharmaceutics 11:3, pages 104.
Crossref
Patrícia Batista, Pedro Castro, Ana Madureira, Bruno Sarmento & Manuela Pintado. (2019) Development and Characterization of Chitosan Microparticles-in-Films for Buccal Delivery of Bioactive Peptides. Pharmaceuticals 12:1, pages 32.
Crossref
T. C. Trevisol, A. R. M. Fritz, S. M. A. G. U. de Souza, A. C. K. Bierhalz & J. A. B. Valle. (2019) Alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose in monolayer and bilayer films as wound dressings: Effect of the polymer ratio. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 136:3, pages 46941.
Crossref
Ahmad Salawi & Sami Nazzal. (2018) The physiochemical, mechanical, and adhesive properties of solvent-cast vitamin E/Soluplus® films. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 552:1-2, pages 378-387.
Crossref
Ediana P. Rebitski, Ana C. S. Alcântara, Margarita Darder, Rogério L. Cansian, Luis Gómez-Hortigüela & Sibele B. C. Pergher. (2018) Functional Carboxymethylcellulose/Zein Bionanocomposite Films Based on Neomycin Supported on Sepiolite or Montmorillonite Clays. ACS Omega 3:10, pages 13538-13550.
Crossref
Sajjad Khan & Joshua Boateng. (2018) Effects of Cyclodextrins (β and γ) and l-Arginine on Stability and Functional Properties of Mucoadhesive Buccal Films Loaded with Omeprazole for Pediatric Patients. Polymers 10:2, pages 157.
Crossref
Asif Ahmed & Joshua Boateng. (2018) Calcium alginate-based antimicrobial film dressings for potential healing of infected foot ulcers. Therapeutic Delivery 9:3, pages 185-204.
Crossref
Chai-Yee Chin, Juriyati Jalil, Pei Yuen Ng & Shiow-Fern Ng. (2018) Development and formulation of Moringa oleifera standardised leaf extract film dressing for wound healing application. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 212, pages 188-199.
Crossref
Parind M. Desai, Vibha Puri, David Brancazio, Bhakti S. Halkude, Jeremy E. Hartman, Aniket V. Wahane, Alexander R. Martinez, Keith D. Jensen, Eranda Harinath, Richard D. Braatz, Jung-Hoon Chun & Bernhardt L. Trout. (2018) Tablet coating by injection molding technology – Optimization of coating formulation attributes and coating process parameters. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 122, pages 25-36.
Crossref
Pedro M. Castro, Pedro Fonte, Ana Oliveira, Ana Raquel Madureira, Bruno Sarmento & Manuela E. Pintado. (2017) Optimization of two biopolymer-based oral films for the delivery of bioactive molecules. Materials Science and Engineering: C 76, pages 171-180.
Crossref
Mirja Palo, Karin Kogermann, Ivo Laidmäe, Andres Meos, Maren Preis, Jyrki Heinämäki & Niklas Sandler. (2017) Development of Oromucosal Dosage Forms by Combining Electrospinning and Inkjet Printing. Molecular Pharmaceutics 14:3, pages 808-820.
Crossref
Nasrul Wathoni, Keiichi Motoyama, Taishi Higashi, Maiko Okajima, Tatsuo Kaneko & Hidetoshi Arima. (2017) Enhancing effect of ?-cyclodextrin on wound dressing properties of sacran hydrogel film. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 94, pages 181-186.
Crossref
Obinna C. Okeke & Joshua S. Boateng. (2016) Composite HPMC and sodium alginate based buccal formulations for nicotine replacement therapy. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 91, pages 31-44.
Crossref
J.S. Boateng & A.M. Popescu. (2016) Composite bi-layered erodible films for potential ocular drug delivery. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 145, pages 353-361.
Crossref
Gabriela Garrastazu Pereira, Cassia Britto Detoni, Tiago Lima da Silva, Letícia Marques Colomé, Adriana Raffin Pohlmann & Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres. (2015) α-Tocopherol acetate-loaded chitosan microparticles: Stability during spray drying process, photostability and swelling evaluation. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 30, pages 220-224.
Crossref
Leena Kumari Prasad, Justin M. Keen, Justin S. LaFountaine, Julien Maincent, Robert O. WilliamsIIIIII & James W. McGinity. (2015) Electrostatic powder deposition to prepare films for drug delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 30, pages 501-510.
Crossref
Sajjad Khan, Joshua S. Boateng, John Mitchell & Vivek Trivedi. (2015) Formulation, Characterisation and Stabilisation of Buccal Films for Paediatric Drug Delivery of Omeprazole. AAPS PharmSciTech 16:4, pages 800-810.
Crossref
Heba A. Hazzah, Ragwa M. Farid, Maha M.A. Nasra, Magda A. EL-Massik & Ossama Y. Abdallah. (2015) Lyophilized sponges loaded with curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles for buccal delivery: Development and characterization. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 492:1-2, pages 248-257.
Crossref
Paola Mura, Natascia Mennini, Ivan Kosalec, Sandra Furlanetto, Serena Orlandini & Mario Jug. (2015) Amidated pectin-based wafers for econazole buccal delivery: Formulation optimization and antimicrobial efficacy estimation. Carbohydrate Polymers 121, pages 231-240.
Crossref
Sandeep K. Mishra & S. Kannan. (2014) Development, mechanical evaluation and surface characteristics of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol based polymer composite coatings on titanium metal. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 40, pages 314-324.
Crossref
Li-Li Xu, Li-Li Shi, Qing-Ri Cao, Wei-Juan Xu, Yue Cao, Xiao-Yin Zhu & Jing-Hao Cui. (2014) Formulation and in vitro characterization of novel sildenafil citrate-loaded polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer-based orally dissolving films. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 473:1-2, pages 398-406.
Crossref
Jenny K.W. Lam, Yingying Xu, Alan Worsley & Ian C.K. Wong. (2014) Oral transmucosal drug delivery for pediatric use. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 73, pages 50-62.
Crossref
Qing-yuan Lv, Xian-yi Li, Bao-de Shen, Ling Dai, He Xu, Cheng-ying Shen, Hai-long Yuan & Jin Han. (2014) A solid phospholipid-bile salts-mixed micelles based on the fast dissolving oral films to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 16:6.
Crossref
Joshua Boateng, Isaac Ayensu & Harshavardhan Pawar. 2014. Mucoadhesive Materials and Drug Delivery Systems. Mucoadhesive Materials and Drug Delivery Systems 233 254 .
Gabriela Garrastazu Pereira, Sílvia Stanisçuaki Guterres, Anna Giulia Balducci, Paolo Colombo & Fabio Sonvico. (2014) Polymeric Films Loaded with Vitamin E and Aloe vera for Topical Application in the Treatment of Burn Wounds . BioMed Research International 2014, pages 1-9.
Crossref
Maren Preis, Klaus Knop & Jörg Breitkreutz. (2014) Mechanical strength test for orodispersible and buccal films. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 461:1-2, pages 22-29.
Crossref
Shiow-Fern Ng & Nafisah Jumaat. (2014) Carboxymethyl cellulose wafers containing antimicrobials: A modern drug delivery system for wound infections. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 51, pages 173-179.
Crossref
Ariana Qiao Jun Low, Johannes Parmentier, Yuet Mei Khong, Cherry Chang Er Chai, Thin Yu Tun, Jacqueline E. Berania, Xueming Liu, Rajeev Gokhale & Sui Yung Chan. (2013) Effect of type and ratio of solubilising polymer on characteristics of hot-melt extruded orodispersible films. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 455:1-2, pages 138-147.
Crossref
Hnin-Ei Thu & Shiow-Fern Ng. (2013) Gelatine enhances drug dispersion in alginate bilayer film via the formation of crystalline microaggregates. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 454:1, pages 99-106.
Crossref
Farnoosh Kianfar, Milan Antonijevic, Babur Chowdhry & Joshua S. Boateng. (2013) Lyophilized wafers comprising carrageenan and pluronic acid for buccal drug delivery using model soluble and insoluble drugs. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 103, pages 99-106.
Crossref
H.V. Pawar, J. Tetteh & J.S. Boateng. (2013) Preparation, optimisation and characterisation of novel wound healing film dressings loaded with streptomycin and diclofenac. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 102, pages 102-110.
Crossref
Joshua Boateng, Justine Mani & Farnoosh Kianfar. (2013) Improving Drug Loading of Mucosal Solvent Cast Films Using a Combination of Hydrophilic Polymers with Amoxicillin and Paracetamol as Model Drugs. BioMed Research International 2013, pages 1-8.
Crossref
Sandeep K. Ramineni, Larry L. Cunningham, Thomas D. Dziubla & David A. Puleo. (2013) Competing properties of mucoadhesive films designed for localized delivery of imiquimod. Biomaterials Science 1:7, pages 753.
Crossref
Joshua S. Boateng, Harshavardhan V. Pawar & John Tetteh. (2013) Polyox and carrageenan based composite film dressing containing anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory drugs for effective wound healing. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 441:1-2, pages 181-191.
Crossref
Hnin-Ei Thu, Mohd Hanif Zulfakar & Shiow-Fern Ng. (2012) Alginate based bilayer hydrocolloid films as potential slow-release modern wound dressing. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 434:1-2, pages 375-383.
Crossref
Isaac Ayensu, John C. Mitchell & Joshua S. Boateng. (2012) In vitro characterisation of chitosan based xerogels for potential buccal delivery of proteins. Carbohydrate Polymers 89:3, pages 935-941.
Crossref
Joshua Boateng & Dennis Douroumis. 2012. Hot‐Melt Extrusion: Pharmaceutical Applications. Hot‐Melt Extrusion: Pharmaceutical Applications 177 199 .
Concetta Giovino, Isaac Ayensu, John Tetteh & Joshua S. Boateng. (2012) Development and characterisation of chitosan films impregnated with insulin loaded PEG-b-PLA nanoparticles (NPs): A potential approach for buccal delivery of macromolecules. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 428:1-2, pages 143-151.
Crossref
Isaac Ayensu, John C. Mitchell & Joshua S. Boateng. (2012) Development and physico-mechanical characterisation of lyophilised chitosan wafers as potential protein drug delivery systems via the buccal mucosa. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 91, pages 258-265.
Crossref
Farnoosh Kianfar, Milan D. Antonijevic, Babur Z. Chowdhry & Joshua S. Boateng. (2011) Formulation Development of a Carrageenan Based Delivery System for Buccal Drug Delivery Using Ibuprofen as a Model Drug. Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology 02:05, pages 582-595.
Crossref
Joshua S. Boateng, Anthony D. Auffret, Kerr H. Matthews, Michael J. Humphrey, Howard N.E. Stevens & Gillian M. Eccleston. (2010) Characterisation of freeze-dried wafers and solvent evaporated films as potential drug delivery systems to mucosal surfaces. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 389:1-2, pages 24-31.
Crossref
Dinesh Rai, Mohammed Maniruzzaman & Joshua S. Boateng. (2010) Development and characterisation of sodium alginate and HPMC films for mucosal drug delivery. International Journal of Biotechnology 11:3/4, pages 169.
Crossref
Joshua S. Boateng, Kerr H. Matthews, Anthony D. Auffret, Mike J. Humphrey, Howard N. Stevens & Gillian M. Eccleston. (2009) In vitro drug release studies of polymeric freeze-dried wafers and solvent-cast films using paracetamol as a model soluble drug. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 378:1-2, pages 66-72.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.