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Original Articles

Appropriateness and effectiveness of image repair strategies

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Pages 153-163 | Published online: 21 May 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (26)

Daniela Langaro, Sandra Loureiro, Bruno Schivinski & Helder Neves. (2022) In the eye of the (fire)storm: better safe or sorry? Crisis communication strategies for managing virality of online negative brand-related content. Journal of Marketing Communications 0:0, pages 1-17.
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Cai Hui Lien, James Lee & Edson C. Tandoc$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2022) Facing Fakes: Understanding Tech Platforms’ Responses to Online Falsehoods. Digital Journalism 10:5, pages 761-780.
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Katharina Pöppel, Dennis Dreiskämper & Bernd Strauss. (2021) Breaking bad: how crisis communication, dissemination channel and prevalence influence the public perception of doping cases. Sport in Society 24:7, pages 1156-1182.
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Yiwei Wang. (2020) Lingering guilt and shame: Emotional burdens upon those who intended but failed to apologize. The Journal of Social Psychology 160:5, pages 675-687.
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Chris Hanna & James T. Morton. (2020) Urban Meyer Needs an Image Repair Coach. Journal of Global Sport Management 5:2, pages 167-183.
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Yiwei Wang & Matthew S. McGlone. (2020) Did I Offend You or Did It? Agency Assignment in Interpersonal Apology. Discourse Processes 57:1, pages 66-80.
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Max Abrahms. (2020) Denying to win: How image-savvy militant leaders respond when operatives harm civilians. Journal of Strategic Studies 43:1, pages 47-73.
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Cayce Myers & Karen Russell. (2019) Image repair in the aftermath of inaccurate polling: How the news media responded to getting it wrong in 1948 and 2016. Journal of Political Marketing 18:1-2, pages 148-177.
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Kevin A. Stein & Matthew H. Barton. (2019) “I’m Sorry You Interpreted My Behavior the Way You Did”: Toward A New Understanding of the Nuances of Mortification. Western Journal of Communication 83:2, pages 252-264.
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Denise P. Ferguson, J. D. Wallace & Robert C. Chandler. (2018) Hierarchical consistency of strategies in image repair theory: PR practitioners’ perceptions of effective and preferred crisis communication strategies. Journal of Public Relations Research 30:5-6, pages 251-272.
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Tyler Johnson. (2018) Deny and Attack or Concede and Correct? Image Repair and the Politically Scandalized. Journal of Political Marketing 17:3, pages 213-234.
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Benjamin Ho, Wonsun Shin & Augustine Pang. (2017) Corporate crisis advertising: A framework examining the use and effects of corporate advertising before and after crises. Journal of Marketing Communications 23:6, pages 537-551.
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Dane M. Kiambi & Autumn Shafer. (2016) Corporate Crisis Communication: Examining the Interplay of Reputation and Crisis Response Strategies. Mass Communication and Society 19:2, pages 127-148.
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Kendra Lancaster & Josh Boyd. (2015) Redefinition, Differentiation, and the Farm Animal Welfare Debate. Journal of Applied Communication Research 43:2, pages 185-202.
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Katie Neary Dunleavy & Kelley Dougherty. (2013) Marital Partners' Perceptions of Effective Message Repair. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication 14:1, pages 44-52.
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AngelaM. Jerome & RobertC. Rowland. (2009) The Rhetoric of Interorganizational Conflict: A Subgenre of Organizational Apologia. Western Journal of Communication 73:4, pages 395-417.
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Katie Neary Dunleavy, AlanK. Goodboy, Melanie Booth-Butterfield, RobertJ. Sidelinger & Sara Banfield. (2009) Repairing Hurtful Messages in Marital Relationships. Communication Quarterly 57:1, pages 67-84.
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WilliamL. Benoit. (2000) Another visit to the theory of image restoration strategies. Communication Quarterly 48:1, pages 40-43.
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Articles from other publishers (63)

Da Eun Song & Youngmin Yoon. (2023) A Content Analysis of YouTube Influencers’ Apology Videos : Focusing on Message Strategy and Nonverbal Communication. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies 67:3, pages 239-290.
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Sitong Guo, Andrew C. Billings, Kenon A. Brown & John Vincent. (2020) The Tweet Heard Round the World: Daryl Morey, the NBA, China, and Attribution of Responsibility. Communication & Sport 11:1, pages 97-114.
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Angie Chung & Kang Bok Lee. (2019) Corporate Apology After Bad Publicity: A Dual-Process Model of CSR Fit and CSR History on Purchase Intention and Negative Word of Mouth. International Journal of Business Communication 59:3, pages 406-426.
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Chiara Pinardi. (2022) China and COVID-19: Assessing a State’s Image Repair Strategies in a Global Crisis. Annali di Ca’ Foscari. Serie orientale:1.
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Augustine Pang, Yan Jin, Youngji Seo, Sung In Choi, Hui-Xun Teo, Phuong D. Le & Bryan Reber. (2021) Breaking the Sound of Silence: Explication in the Use of Strategic Silence in Crisis Communication. International Journal of Business Communication 59:2, pages 219-241.
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Beatriz Casais & Lucilene Ribeiro Gomes. (2021) Fashion bloggers' discourse on brands under corporate crisis: a netnographic research in Portugal. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 26:3, pages 420-435.
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Augustine Pang, Eada Hogan & Igor Andrasevic. (2021) The Catholic Church abuse scandal in Ireland: two steps forward, one step back by Pope Francis?. Corporate Communications: An International Journal 27:1, pages 15-33.
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Anandita Sabherwal, Ganga Shreedhar & Sander van der Linden. (2022) Inoculating against threats to climate activists’ image: Intersectional environmentalism and the Indian farmers’ protest. Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology 3, pages 100051.
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Jacqueline Bellon, Friederike Eyssel, Bruno Gransche, Sebastian Nähr-Wagener & Ricarda Wullenkord. 2022. Soziale Angemessenheit. Soziale Angemessenheit 1 31 .
Sora Kim, Hyejoon Rim & Kang Hoon Sung. (2019) Online engagement of active communicative behaviors and news consumption on Internet portal sites. Journalism 22:12, pages 3048-3065.
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Wan‐Hsiu Sunny Tsai, Di Lun, Nicholas Carcioppolo & Ching‐Hua Chuan. (2021) Human versus chatbot: Understanding the role of emotion in health marketing communication for vaccines. Psychology & Marketing 38:12, pages 2377-2392.
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Timothy Heppell. (2021) The British Labour Party and the antisemitism crisis: Jeremy Corbyn and image repair theory. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 23:4, pages 645-662.
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Andrew Prahl & Winnie Wen Pin Goh. (2021) “Rogue machines” and crisis communication: When AI fails, how do companies publicly respond?. Public Relations Review 47:4, pages 102077.
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Nahyun Kim & Suman Lee. (2018) Cybersecurity Breach and Crisis Response: An Analysis of Organizations’ Official Statements in the United States and South Korea. International Journal of Business Communication 58:4, pages 560-581.
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Silvia Cucchi, Anna Rita Graziani, Margherita Guidetti & Nicoletta Cavazza. (2021) Men and Women Defending Themselves from Political Scandals: Gender Stereotypes and Proneness to Forgive Scandalous Politicians. International Review of Social Psychology 34:1.
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Haiyue (Felix) Xu, Lisa E Bolton & Karen Page Winterich. (2021) How Do Consumers React to Company Moral Transgressions? The Role of Power Distance Belief and Empathy for Victims. Journal of Consumer Research 48:1, pages 77-101.
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Woo Jung Im, Sungbin Youk & Hee Sun Park. (2021) Apologies combined with other crisis response strategies: Do the fulfillment of individuals' needs to be heard and the timing of response message affect apology appropriateness?. Public Relations Review 47:1, pages 102002.
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Wybren Nooitgedagt, Borja Martinović, Maykel Verkuyten & Jolanda Jetten. (2021) Autochthony Belief and Making Amends to Indigenous Peoples: The Role of Collective Moral Emotions. Social Justice Research 34:1, pages 53-80.
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Surin Chung & Suman Lee. (2017) Crisis Management and Corporate Apology: The Effects of Causal Attribution and Apology Type on Publics’ Cognitive and Affective Responses. International Journal of Business Communication 58:1, pages 125-144.
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Kinga Kaleta & Justyna Mróz. (2021) The effect of apology on emotional and decisional forgiveness: The role of personality. Personality and Individual Differences 168, pages 110310.
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Tom SchermerTom Schermer. 2021. Reputational Crises Unspun. Reputational Crises Unspun 89 106 .
Tom SchermerTom Schermer. 2021. Reputational Crises Unspun. Reputational Crises Unspun 13 43 .
R. Tyler Spradley & Elizabeth Spradley. 2021. Pandemic Communication and Resilience. Pandemic Communication and Resilience 51 73 .
Bert Schreurs & Melvyn R. W. Hamstra. (2020) Effectively Apologizing to Consumers After a Crisis: Psychological Distance and Abstractness/Concreteness of an Organization's Apology. Social Cognition 38:4, pages 367-378.
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Laura Corazza, Elisa Truant, Simone Domenico Scagnelli & Chiara Mio. (2020) Sustainability reporting after the Costa Concordia disaster: a multi-theory study on legitimacy, impression management and image restoration. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 33:8, pages 1909-1941.
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Marie Racine, Craig Wilson & Michael Wynes. (2018) The Value of Apology: How do Corporate Apologies Moderate the Stock Market Reaction to Non-Financial Corporate Crises?. Journal of Business Ethics 163:3, pages 485-505.
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Shintaro Sato, Akiko Arai, Yosuke Tsuji & Mark Kay. (2019) When Should a Brand Cut Ties With a Scandalized Endorser?. Communication & Sport 8:2, pages 215-235.
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Salih GÜRBÜZ. (2020) KRİZ İLETİŞİMİNDE KURUMSAL ÖZÜR YANITLARININ KAMU ÖFKESİ ÜZERİNDE ETKİSİ: DENEYSEL BİR ÇALIŞMATHE EFFECT OF CORPORATE APOLOGY RESPONSES ON PUBLIC ANGER IN CRISIS COMMUNICATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 8:1, pages 21-44.
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Amin Nazifi, Dahlia El-Manstrly & Katja Gelbrich. (2019) Customers’ reactions to different organizational tactics in a service termination context. European Journal of Marketing 54:1, pages 26-48.
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Deborah Nagel, Lisa Koep, Edeltraud Guenther & Thomas Günther. (2020) “Diesel-Gate” in risk reporting—An analysis of risk communication in annual reports using the example of a disruptive event. Sustainability Management Forum | NachhaltigkeitsManagementForum 27:3-4, pages 151-163.
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Ying Li, Ke Yang, Jin Chen, Sumeet Gupta & Feiyang Ning. (2019) Can an apology change after-crisis user attitude? The role of social media in online crisis management. Information Technology & People 32:4, pages 802-827.
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So Young Lee & Lucy Atkinson. (2019) Never easy to say “sorry”: Exploring the interplay of crisis involvement, brand image, and message appeal in developing effective corporate apologies. Public Relations Review 45:1, pages 178-188.
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Ana Tkalac Verčič, Dejan Verčič & W. Timothy Coombs. (2019) Convergence of crisis response strategy and source credibility: Who can you trust?. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 27:1, pages 28-37.
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Robert W. Palmatier & Kelly D. MartinRobert W. Palmatier & Kelly D. Martin. 2019. The Intelligent Marketer’s Guide to Data Privacy. The Intelligent Marketer’s Guide to Data Privacy 109 130 .
김요한 & 이상훈. (2018) The Mediating Effect of Subordinate's Emotional Labor Toward Supervisor in the Relationship between Subordinate-Supervisor Fit and Turnover Intention. Locality and Globality: Korean Journal of Social Sciences 42:3, pages 147-176.
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Angie Chung. (2018) Examining the effectiveness of using CSR communication in apology statements after bad publicity. Corporate Communications: An International Journal 23:3, pages 357-376.
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Breeda Comyns & Elizabeth Franklin-Johnson. (2016) Corporate Reputation and Collective Crises: A Theoretical Development Using the Case of Rana Plaza. Journal of Business Ethics 150:1, pages 159-183.
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William L. Benoit. (2018) Production of Image Repair Strategies in the 2016 American Presidential Debates. Langage et société N° 164:2, pages 25-38.
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Joshua M. Bentley. (2017) What Counts as an Apology? Exploring Stakeholder Perceptions in a Hypothetical Organizational Crisis. Management Communication Quarterly 32:2, pages 202-232.
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Joshua M. Bentley, Kimberly R. Oostman & Sayyed Fawad Ali Shah. (2018) We're sorry but it's not our fault: Organizational apologies in ambiguous crisis situations. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 26:1, pages 138-149.
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Matteo Fuoli, Joost van de Weijer & Carita Paradis. (2017) Denial outperforms apology in repairing organizational trust despite strong evidence of guilt. Public Relations Review 43:4, pages 645-660.
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Angie Chung & Hua Jiang. (2017) Handling negative publicity. Journal of Communication Management 21:3, pages 267-286.
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Fabio Bisogni. (2016) Proving Limits of State Data Breach Notification Laws: Is a Federal Law the Most Adequate Solution?. Journal of Information Policy 6:1, pages 154-205.
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Fabio Bisogni. (2016) Proving Limits of State Data Breach Notification Laws: Is a Federal Law the Most Adequate Solution?. Journal of Information Policy 6, pages 154-205.
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Josh Compton. (2016) Sorry sorries: Image repair after regretted apologies. Public Relations Review 42:2, pages 353-358.
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Kenon A. Brown. (2014) Is Apology the Best Policy? An Experimental Examination of the Effectiveness of Image Repair Strategies During Criminal and Noncriminal Athlete Transgressions. Communication & Sport 4:1, pages 23-42.
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Cayce Myers. (2016) Apology, sympathy, and empathy: The legal ramifications of admitting fault in U.S. public relations practice. Public Relations Review 42:1, pages 176-183.
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Niklas Sandell & Peter Svensson. (2014) The Language of Failure. International Journal of Business Communication 53:1, pages 5-26.
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Tanja Rabl. (2015) When allegedly corrupt organizations are attractive. Journal of Managerial Psychology 30:7, pages 771-785.
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Fiona Kate Barlow, Michael Thai, Michael J.A. Wohl, Sarah White, Marie-Ann Wright & Matthew J. Hornsey. (2015) Perpetrator groups can enhance their moral self-image by accepting their own intergroup apologies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 60, pages 39-50.
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Marcia W. DiStaso, Michail Vafeiadis & Chelsea Amaral. (2015) Managing a health crisis on Facebook: How the response strategies of apology, sympathy, and information influence public relations. Public Relations Review 41:2, pages 222-231.
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Josh Compton & Jordan L. Compton. (2013) College Sports, Losing Seasons, and Image Repair Through Open Letters to Fans. Communication & Sport 2:4, pages 345-362.
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Karen A. Cerulo & Janet M. Ruane. (2014) Apologies of the Rich and Famous. Social Psychology Quarterly 77:2, pages 123-149.
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Eric Schniter, Roman M. Sheremeta & Daniel Sznycer. (2013) Building and rebuilding trust with promises and apologies. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 94, pages 242-256.
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Jinbong Choi & Wonjun Chung. (2012) Analysis of the Interactive Relationship Between Apology and Product Involvement in Crisis Communication. Journal of Business and Technical Communication 27:1, pages 3-31.
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Suman Lee & Surin Chung. (2012) Corporate apology and crisis communication: The effect of responsibility admittance and sympathetic expression on public's anger relief. Public Relations Review 38:5, pages 932-934.
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Brian T. Kaylor. (2011) Altar call: The Democratic Party's religious rhetoric as image repair discourse. Public Relations Review 37:3, pages 250-256.
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Yvonne Siew‐Yoong Low, Jeni Varughese & Augustine Pang. (2011) Communicating crisis: how culture influences image repair in Western and Asian governments. Corporate Communications: An International Journal 16:3, pages 218-242.
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Sung-Un YangMinjeong Kang & Philip Johnson. (2010) Effects of Narratives, Openness to Dialogic Communication, and Credibility on Engagement in Crisis Communication Through Organizational Blogs. Communication Research 37:4, pages 473-497.
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W. Timothy Coombs & Sherry J. Holladay. (2008) Comparing apology to equivalent crisis response strategies: Clarifying apology's role and value in crisis communication. Public Relations Review 34:3, pages 252-257.
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Julie Juola Exline, Lise Deshea & Virginia Todd Holeman. (2007) Is Apology Worth the Risk? Predictors, Outcomes, and Ways to Avoid Regret. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 26:4, pages 479-504.
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Eric Schniter, Roman M. Sheremeta & Daniel Sznycer. (2012) Building and Rebuilding Trust with Promises and Apologies. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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Eric Schniter, Roman M. Sheremeta & Daniel Sznycer. (2011) Restoring Damaged Trust with Promises, Atonement and Apology. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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