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Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 18, 2006 - Issue 6
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Research Article

Acute Nose-Only Exposure of Rats to Phosgene. Part I: Concentration × Time Dependence of LC50s, Nonlethal-Threshold Concentrations, and Analysis of Breathing Patterns

Jürgen Pauluhn Bayer Health Care, Wuppertal, Germany
Pages 423-435 | Received 26 Aug 2005, Accepted 18 Nov 2005, Published online: 06 Oct 2008

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Stephen T. Hobson, Richard A. Richieri & Missag H. Parseghian. (2021) Phosgene: toxicology, animal models, and medical countermeasures. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 31:4, pages 293-307.
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Stephen T. Hobson, Robert P. Casillas, Richard A. Richieri, Robert N. Nishimura, Richard H. Weisbart, Rick Tuttle, Glenn T. Reynolds & Missag H. Parseghian. (2019) Development of an acute, short-term exposure model for phosgene. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 29:8, pages 604-615.
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Jennifer L. Plahovinsak, Mark R. Perry, Katherine A. Knostman, Robert Segal & Michael C. Babin. (2015) Characterization of a nose-only inhaled phosgene acute lung injury mouse model . Inhalation Toxicology 27:14, pages 832-840.
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Wen-Li Li, Chun-Xu Hai & Jürgen Pauluhn. (2011) Inhaled nitric oxide aggravates phosgene model of acute lung injury. Inhalation Toxicology 23:13, pages 842-852.
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Jürgen Pauluhn. (2011) Acute nose-only inhalation exposure of rats to di- and triphosgene relative to phosgene. Inhalation Toxicology 23:2, pages 65-73.
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Jürgen Pauluhn & Chun Xue Hai. (2011) Attempts to counteract phosgene-induced acute lung injury by instant high-dose aerosol exposure to hexamethylenetetramine, cysteine or glutathione. Inhalation Toxicology 23:1, pages 58-64.
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Dana Glass, Mark McClanahan, Loren Koller & Femi Adeshina. (2009) Provisional Advisory Levels (PALs) for phosgene (CG). Inhalation Toxicology 21:sup3, pages 73-94.
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J. Pauluhn, A. Carson, D. L. Costa, T. Gordon, U. Kodavanti, J. A. Last, M. A. Matthay, K. E. Pinkerton & A. M. Sciuto. (2007) Workshop Summary: Phosgene-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity Revisited: Appraisal of Early and Late Markers of Pulmonary Injury From Animal Models With Emphasis on Human Significance. Inhalation Toxicology 19:10, pages 789-810.
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Jürgen Pauluhn. (2006) Acute Head-Only Exposure of Dogs to Phosgene. Part III. Comparison of Indicators of Lung Injury in Dogs and Rats. Inhalation Toxicology 18:9, pages 609-621.
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Jürgen Pauluhn. (2006) Acute Nose-Only Exposure of Rats to Phosgene. Part II. Concentration × Time Dependence of Changes in Bronchoalveolar Lavage During a Follow-Up Period of 3 Months. Inhalation Toxicology 18:9, pages 595-607.
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Articles from other publishers (38)

Juergen Pauluhn. (2023) Pathogenetic role of alveolar surfactant depleted by phosgene: Biophysical mechanisms and peak inhalation exposure metrics. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 143, pages 105441.
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Mahtab Tapak, Somaye Sadeghi, Tooba Ghazanfari & Nariman Mosaffa. (2023) Chemical exposure and alveolar macrophages responses: ‘the role of pulmonary defense mechanism in inhalation injuries’. BMJ Open Respiratory Research 10:1, pages e001589.
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Chao Cao, Lin Zhang & Jie Shen. (2022) Phosgene-Induced acute lung injury: Approaches for mechanism-based treatment strategies. Frontiers in Immunology 13.
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Juergen Pauluhn. (2022) Derivation of thresholds for inhaled chemically reactive irritants: Searching for substance-specific common denominators for read-across prediction. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 130, pages 105131.
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Juergen Pauluhn & John E. Whalan. (2021) Human risk assessment of inhaled irritants: Role of sensory stimulations from spatially separated nociceptors. Toxicology 462, pages 152929.
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Juergen Pauluhn. (2021) Phosgene inhalation toxicity: Update on mechanisms and mechanism-based treatment strategies. Toxicology 450, pages 152682.
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Alfred M. Sciuto & Urmila P. Kodavanti. 2020. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 515 544 .
Cheryl B. Bast & Dana F. Glass-Mattie. 2020. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 341 351 .
Livius Cotarca, Christian Lange, Kurt Meurer & Jürgen Pauluhn. 2000. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1 30 .
Juergen Pauluhn. (2019) Concentration × time analyses of sensory irritants revisited: Weight of evidence or the toxic load approach. That is the question. Toxicology Letters 316, pages 94-108.
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Ankita Gangopadhyay, Syed Samim Ali & Ajit Kumar Mahapatra. (2019) A Powerful Turn‐On Fluorescent Probe for Phosgene: A Primary Amide Strategically Attached to an Anthracene Fluorophore. ChemistrySelect 4:31, pages 8968-8972.
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Wenli Li & Juergen Pauluhn. (2019) Phosgene-induced lung edema: Comparison of clinical criteria for increased extravascular lung water content with postmortem lung gravimetry and lavage-protein in rats and dogs. Toxicology Letters 305, pages 32-39.
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Tae-Il Kim, Dami Kim, Jean Bouffard & Youngmi Kim. (2019) Rapid, specific, and ultrasensitive fluorogenic sensing of phosgene through an enhanced PeT mechanism. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 283, pages 458-462.
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Rita SinghRita Singh. 2019. Profiling Humans from their Voice. Profiling Humans from their Voice 27 83 .
Wenli Li & Juergen Pauluhn. (2017) Phosgene‐induced acute lung injury (ALI): differences from chlorine‐induced ALI and attempts to translate toxicology to clinical medicine. Clinical and Translational Medicine 6:1.
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Livius Cotarca, Thomas Geller & József Répási. (2017) Bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate (BTC, Triphosgene): A Safer Alternative to Phosgene?. Organic Process Research & Development 21:9, pages 1439-1446.
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. 2002. The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety. The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety 1 21 .
Piotr T. Filipczak, Albert P. Senft, JeanClare Seagrave, Waylon Weber, Philip J. Kuehl, Laura E. Fredenburgh, Jacob D. McDonald & Rebecca M. Baron. (2015) NOS-2 Inhibition in Phosgene-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Toxicological Sciences 146:1, pages 89-100.
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Wenli Li, Martin Rosenbruch & Jürgen Pauluhn. (2015) Effect of PEEP on phosgene-induced lung edema: Pilot study on dogs using protective ventilation strategies. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 67:2, pages 109-116.
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Brent D. Kerger & M. Joseph Fedoruk. (2015) Pathology, toxicology, and latency of irritant gases known to cause bronchiolitis obliterans disease: Does diacetyl fit the pattern?. Toxicology Reports 2, pages 1463-1472.
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Alfred M. Sciuto & Urmila P. Kodavanti. 2015. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 489 518 .
Cheryl B. Bast & Dana F. Glass-Mattie. 2015. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 327 335 .
Sa Luo, Hubert Trübel, Chen Wang & Jürgen Pauluhn. (2014) Phosgene- and chlorine-induced acute lung injury in rats: Comparison of cardiopulmonary function and biomarkers in exhaled breath. Toxicology 326, pages 109-118.
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Sa Luo, Jürgen Pauluhn, Hubert Trübel & Chen Wang. (2014) Corticosteroids found ineffective for phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats. Toxicology Letters 229:1, pages 85-92.
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Lisa M. Sweeney, Douglas R. Sommerville & Stephen R. Channel. (2014) Impact of Non-constant Concentration Exposure on Lethality of Inhaled Hydrogen Cyanide. Toxicological Sciences 138:1, pages 205-216.
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Fangfang Liu, Jürgen Pauluhn, Hubert Trübel & Chen Wang. (2014) Single high-dose dexamethasone and sodium salicylate failed to attenuate phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats. Toxicology 315, pages 17-23.
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George D. Leikauf, Vincent J. Concel, Kiflai Bein, Pengyuan Liu, Annerose Berndt, Timothy M. Martin, Koustav Ganguly, An Soo Jang, Kelly A. Brant, Richard A. DopicoJr.Jr., Swapna Upadhyay, Clinton Cario, Y. P. Peter Di, Louis J. Vuga, Emrah Kostem, Eleazar Eskin, Ming You, Naftali Kaminski, Daniel R. Prows, Daren L. Knoell & James P. Fabisiak. (2013) Functional Genomic Assessment of Phosgene-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 49:3, pages 368-383.
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Fangfang Liu, Wenli Li, Jürgen Pauluhn, Hubert Trübel & Chen Wang. (2013) Rat models of acute lung injury: Exhaled nitric oxide as a sensitive, noninvasive real-time biomarker of prognosis and efficacy of intervention. Toxicology 310, pages 104-114.
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Wenli Li, Fangfang Liu, Chen Wang, Hubert Truebel & Juergen Pauluhn. (2013) Novel Insights Into Phosgene-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats: Role of Dysregulated Cardiopulmonary Reflexes and Nitric Oxide in Lung Edema Pathogenesis. Toxicological Sciences 131:2, pages 612-628.
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John Andraos. (2012) Inclusion of Environmental Impact Parameters in Radial Pentagon Material Efficiency Metrics Analysis: Using Benign Indices as a Step Towards a Complete Assessment of “Greenness” for Chemical Reactions and Synthesis Plans. Organic Process Research & Development 16:9, pages 1482-1506.
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. 2002. The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety. The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety 1 19 .
James J. Collins, Donald M. Molenaar, Larry O. Bowler, Tom J. Harbourt, Michael Carson, Bipin Avashia, Teresa Calhoun, Craig Vitrano, Paul Ameis, Richard Chalfant & Pete Howard. (2011) Results From the US Industry-Wide Phosgene Surveillance. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 53:3, pages 239-244.
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Wen-Li Li & Jürgen Pauluhn. (2010) Comparative assessment of the sensory irritation potency in mice and rats nose-only exposed to ammonia in dry and humidified atmospheres. Toxicology 276:2, pages 135-142.
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J. Pauluhn. 2010. Fire Toxicity. Fire Toxicity 229 281 .
George M. Woodall, Jeffrey S. Gift & Gary L. Foureman. 2009. General, Applied and Systems Toxicology. General, Applied and Systems Toxicology.
Cheryl B. Bast & Dana F. Glass. 2009. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 321 330 .
Jeffrey S. Gift, Robert McGaughy, Dharm V. Singh & Babasaheb Sonawane. (2008) Health assessment of phosgene: Approaches for derivation of reference concentration. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 51:1, pages 98-107.
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Jürgen Pauluhn. (2008) Inhalation toxicology: Methodological and regulatory challenges. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 60:2-3, pages 111-124.
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