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Original Articles

Exploring the motives of company-backed and self-initiated expatriates

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Pages 595-611 | Published online: 23 Feb 2011

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (36)

Bernadeta Goštautaitė, Wolfgang Mayrhofer, Ilona Bučiūnienė & Danguolė Jankauskienė. (2023) Mitigating medical brain drain: the role of developmental HRM and the focus on opportunities in reducing the self-initiated expatriation of young professionals. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 0:0, pages 1-27.
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Heidi Wechtler, Alexei Koveshnikov & Cecile Dejoux. (2023) Employment relationships and their implications among self-initiated expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 34:11, pages 2265-2304.
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Kaisu Kanstrén & Liisa Mäkelä. (2022) Expatriate partners’ subjective well-being and related resource losses and gains. Community, Work & Family 25:4, pages 523-550.
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Dhara Shah & Michelle Barker. (2022) Work-life interface: experiences of Indian IT women repatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 33:3, pages 505-538.
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Njål Andersen. (2021) Mapping the expatriate literature: a bibliometric review of the field from 1998 to 2017 and identification of current research fronts. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 32:22, pages 4687-4724.
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Renata Casado & Donella Caspersz. (2021) Changing psychological contracts and organisational commitment: a longitudinal comparison of assigned and self-initiated expatriates in Australia. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 32:18, pages 3950-3972.
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Phil St J. Renshaw, Emma Parry & Michael Dickmann. (2021) The organizational value of international assignments – the relational underpinning. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 32:1, pages 106-146.
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Cristina López-Duarte, Marta M. Vidal-Suárez & Belén González-Díaz. (2020) Expatriate management and national culture: a bibliometric study of prolific, productive, and most cited authors and institutions. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 31:6, pages 805-833.
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Maike Andresen, Marshall Wilson Pattie & Thomas Hippler. (2020) What does it mean to be a ‘self-initiated’ expatriate in different contexts? A conceptual analysis and suggestions for future research. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 31:1, pages 174-201.
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Benjamin Bader, Tassilo Schuster & Michael Dickmann. (2019) Managing people in hostile environments: lessons learned and new grounds in HR research. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 30:20, pages 2809-2830.
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Michael Dickmann, Emma Parry & Nadia Keshavjee. (2019) Localization of staff in a hostile context: an exploratory investigation in Afghanistan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 30:11, pages 1839-1867.
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Michael Dickmann, Vesa Suutari, Chris Brewster, Liisa Mäkelä, Jussi Tanskanen & Christelle Tornikoski. (2018) The career competencies of self-initiated and assigned expatriates: assessing the development of career capital over time. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 29:16, pages 2353-2371.
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Ultan P. Sherman & Michael J. Morley. (2018) Organizational inputs to the formation of the expatriate psychological contract: towards an episodic understanding. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 29:8, pages 1513-1536.
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Umberto de Eccher & Henrique Duarte. (2018) How images about emerging economies influence the willingness to accept expatriate assignments. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 29:4, pages 637-663.
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Nga Thi Thuy Ho, Pi-Shen Seet & Jane Jones. (2016) Understanding re-expatriation intentions among overseas returnees – an emerging economy perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 27:17, pages 1938-1966.
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Paula Makkonen. (2016) Career self-management behaviour of Western self-initiated expatriates in local organizations in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 27:11, pages 1135-1157.
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David Clark & Yochanan Altman. (2016) In the age of ‘liquid modernity’: self-initiated expatriates in Crete, their multi-generational families and the community. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 27:7, pages 729-743.
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Yehuda Baruch, Yochanan Altman & Rosalie L. Tung. (2016) Career Mobility in a Global Era: Advances in Managing Expatriation and Repatriation. The Academy of Management Annals 10:1, pages 841-889.
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Saeed Turki Alshahrani & Michael J. Morley. (2015) Accounting for variations in the patterns of mobility among conventional and self-initiated expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 26:15, pages 1936-1954.
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Nikos Bozionelos, Giorgos Bozionelos, Konstantinos Kostopoulos, Chwen-Huey Shyong, Yehuda Baruch & Wenxia Zhou. (2015) International graduate students' perceptions and interest in international careers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 26:11, pages 1428-1451.
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Claudio Ravasi, Xavier Salamin & Eric Davoine. (2015) Cross-cultural adjustment of skilled migrants in a multicultural and multilingual environment: an explorative study of foreign employees and their spouses in the Swiss context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 26:10, pages 1335-1359.
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Bruno Felix von Borell de Araujo, Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira, Poliano Bastos da Cruz & Elise Malini. (2014) Understanding the adaptation of organisational and self-initiated expatriates in the context of Brazilian culture. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 25:18, pages 2489-2509.
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Stefan Remhof, Marjaana Gunkel & Christopher Schlaegel. (2014) Goodbye Germany! The influence of personality and cognitive factors on the intention to work abroad. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 25:16, pages 2319-2343.
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Maike Andresen, Franziska Bergdolt, Jil Margenfeld & Michael Dickmann. (2014) Addressing international mobility confusion – developing definitions and differentiations for self-initiated and assigned expatriates as well as migrants. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 25:16, pages 2295-2318.
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Lan Cao, Andreas Hirschi & Jürgen Deller. (2014) Perceived organizational support and intention to stay in host countries among self-initiated expatriates: the role of career satisfaction and networks. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 25:14, pages 2013-2032.
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Jean-Luc Cerdin & Jan Selmer. (2014) Who is a self-initiated expatriate? Towards conceptual clarity of a common notion. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 25:9, pages 1281-1301.
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Jenny K. Rodriguez & Tracy Scurry. (2014) Career capital development of self-initiated expatriates in Qatar: cosmopolitan globetrotters, experts and outsiders. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 25:7, pages 1046-1067.
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Jenny K. Rodriguez & Tracy Scurry. (2014) Career capital development of self-initiated expatriates in Qatar: cosmopolitan globetrotters, experts and outsiders. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 25:2, pages 190-211.
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Yehuda Baruch, Michael Dickmann, Yochanan Altman & Frank Bournois. (2013) Exploring international work: types and dimensions of global careers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 24:12, pages 2369-2393.
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Fabian Jintae Froese & Vesa Peltokorpi. (2013) Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: differences in cross-cultural adjustment and job satisfaction. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 24:10, pages 1953-1967.
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Toni Cho, Kate Hutchings & Teresa Marchant. (2013) Key factors influencing Korean expatriates' and spouses' perceptions of expatriation and repatriation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 24:5, pages 1051-1075.
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Jisun Kim & Fabian Jintae Froese. (2012) Expatriation willingness in Asia: the importance of host-country characteristics and employees' role commitments. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 23:16, pages 3414-3433.
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Maike Andresen, Vesa Suutari, Sara Louise Muhr, Cordula Barzantny & Michael Dickmann. (2023) Guest editorial: Careers of self-initiated expatriates: exploring the impact of context. Career Development International 28:4, pages 333-347.
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Prashanth N. Bharadwaj & F. Robert Buchanan. (2023) Self-initiated expatriates from emerging markets: career benefits arising from personal initiative. Career Development International 28:4, pages 426-442.
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Erhan Atay, Serkan Bayraktaroglu & Yin Teng Elaine Chew. (2023) Multi-dimensional adjustment of Eurasian self-initiated expatriates in Korea. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research.
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Rizwan Tahir. (2023) Struggling or juggling: work-life balance challenges of Western self-initiated women expatriates in the United Arab Emirates. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management.
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Christopher S. Dutt & Chris Ryan. (2023) Hotel management schemes: liminal protean pathways derived from acting as lifeguards in Gulf luxury resorts. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
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Arturo Bris, Shlomo Ben-Hur, José Caballero & Marco Pistis. (2023) The macro-contextual drivers of the international mobility of managers and executives. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 11:2, pages 252-273.
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Johannes M. Kraak, Yannick Griep, Renaud Lunardo & Yochanan Altman. (2023) The effects of host country language proficiency on the relationship between psychological contract breach, violation, and work behaviors: A moderated mediation model. European Management Journal.
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Kaiyrkul Abdyrakhmanova & József Poór. (2023) The role of emotional intelligence and cross-cultural adjustment on job performance of self-initiated expatriates with origins from Central Asian countries. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 10:2, pages 326-338.
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Rodrigo Mello, Vesa Suutari & Michael Dickmann. (2023) Taking stock of expatriates’ career success after international assignments: A review and future research agenda. Human Resource Management Review 33:1, pages 100913.
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Juan I. Sanchez, Jaime Bonache, Carmen Paz-Aparicio & Celia Zárraga Oberty. (2023) Combining interpretivism and positivism in international business research: The example of the expatriate role. Journal of World Business 58:2, pages 101419.
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Muhammad Noman, Muhammad Safdar Sial, Sarminah Samad, Rita Yi Man Li & Miao Shi. (2023) Adjustment of self-initiated and organizational expatriates: The moderating role of cross-cultural training. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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Miikka J. Lehtonen, Alexei Koveshnikov & Heidi Wechtler. (2022) Expatriates’ Embeddedness and Host Country Withdrawal Intention: A Social Exchange Perspective. Management and Organization Review, pages 1-30.
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Quyen T. Dang, Hussain G. Rammal & Snejina Michailova. (2022) Expatriates' families: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Human Resource Management Review 32:4, pages 100877.
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Anupriya Singh. (2022) Work engagement, affective commitment, and career satisfaction: the mediating role of knowledge sharing in context of SIEs. Benchmarking: An International Journal 29:10, pages 3302-3332.
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Liisa Mäkelä, Vesa Suutari, Anni Rajala & Chris Brewster. (2022) Job exhaustion among assigned and self-initiated expatriates – the role of effort and reward. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 10:4, pages 456-475.
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Jun Wu, Jun Yang, John R. McIntyre & Xun Zhang. (2022) Revisiting the influence of cultural novelty and emotional stability on general adjustment of expatriates hosted in emerging economies. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 29:4, pages 870-898.
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João Vasco Coelho. (2022) Recruiting Business Expatriates in Portugal: The Moderating Role of Employee Willingness. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies 8:2, pages 206-227.
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Zhuo Li, Bob McKercher & Lianping Ren. (2022) Place Attachment and Travel Among Western Professional Expatriates. International Journal of Tourism Research 24:4, pages 525-535.
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Dario Miocevic, Ruzica Brecic & Srdan Zdravkovic. (2021) Exploring the chain of effects between local identity and expatriate consumers’ preference for local food brands. Journal of Product & Brand Management 31:5, pages 718-730.
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Y. N. Arifa, S. El Baroudi & S. N. Khapova. (2021) How do Individuals Form Their Motivations to Expatriate? A Review and Future Research Agenda. Frontiers in Sociology 6.
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Henrique Duarte, Umberto de Eccher & Chris Brewster. (2020) Expatriates' salary expectations, age, experience and country image. Personnel Review 50:2, pages 731-750.
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Yvonne McNulty & Chris Brewster. (2020) Book highlight—The expatriate cycle. Global Business and Organizational Excellence 39:4, pages 60-75.
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Jun Jie Shao & Akram AL Ariss. (2020) Knowledge transfer between self-initiated expatriates and their organizations: Research propositions for managing SIEs. International Business Review 29:1, pages 101634.
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Luisa Helena Pinto, Carlos Cabral-Cardoso & William B. Werther Jr.. (2020) Expectancies and motivational goals of self-initiated expatriates as predictors of subjective assignment achievements and success. Management Research Review 43:4, pages 427-445.
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Bibi Noraini Mohd Yusuf & Nasriah Zakaria. 2020. Transcending Cultural Frontiers. Transcending Cultural Frontiers 37 47 .
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Masayuki Furusawa & Chris Brewster. (2019) The Determinants of the Boundary-spanning Functions of Japanese Self-initiated Expatriates in Japanese Subsidiaries in China: Individual Skills and Human Resource Management. Journal of International Management 25:4, pages 100674.
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Kyung-Hee YOON, Bo-Young KIM & Jae-Gun EOM. (2019) The Effects of Job Crafting on Career Success of Multinational Corporations’ Employees. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business 6:4, pages 213-225.
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Taiba Hussain, Perihan Iren & John Rice. (2019) Determinants of innovative behaviors among self-initiated expatriates. Personnel Review 49:2, pages 349-369.
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Agnes Toth-Bos, Barbara Wisse & Klara Farago. (2019) Goal pursuit during the three stages of the migration process. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 73, pages 25-42.
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Jakob Lauring, David S. A. Guttormsen & Yvonne Maria McNulty. (2019) Adult third culture kids: adjustment and personal development. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 26:3, pages 387-400.
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Yu Zheng & Chris Smith. (2018) Tiered expatriation: A social relations approach to staffing multinationals. Human Resource Management 58:5, pages 489-502.
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Rajiv Kumar & Jagdeep Chhokar. (2019) Self-initiated expatriates in the local organizations of developing countries. Management Decision 57:7, pages 1659-1674.
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Aida Hajro, Günter K. Stahl, Callen C. Clegg & Mila B. Lazarova. (2019) Acculturation, coping, and integration success of international skilled migrants: An integrative review and multilevel framework. Human Resource Management Journal 29:3, pages 328-352.
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Jenny K. Rodriguez & Maranda Ridgway. (2018) Contextualizing privilege and disadvantage: Lessons from women expatriates in the Middle East. Organization 26:3, pages 391-409.
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Marian van Bakel & Susan Salzbrenner. (2018) Going abroad to play: Motivations, challenges, and support of sports expatriates. Thunderbird International Business Review 61:3, pages 505-517.
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B. Sebastian Reiche, Yih-teen Lee & David G. Allen. (2018) Actors, Structure, and Processes: A Review and Conceptualization of Global Work Integrating IB and HRM Research. Journal of Management 45:2, pages 359-383.
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Tasawar Nawaz. 2019. Immigration and the Current Social, Political, and Economic Climate. Immigration and the Current Social, Political, and Economic Climate 451 473 .
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Ling E. Zhang & Jakob Lauring. 2019. Global Mobility of Highly Skilled People. Global Mobility of Highly Skilled People 61 78 .
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Olivier Wurtz. (2018) Expatriation, alcohol and drugs: antecedents and consequences of substance use in expatriation. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 6:3/4, pages 316-334.
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Chun-Hsiao Wang & Arup Varma. (2018) A process model of how interpersonal interaction leads to effectiveness of the expatriate-host country national relationship. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 25:4, pages 670-689.
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Jakob Lauring & Jan Selmer. (2018) Person-environment fit and emotional control: Assigned expatriates vs. self-initiated expatriates. International Business Review 27:5, pages 982-992.
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Felix Ballesteros Leiva, Gwénaëlle Poilpot-Rocaboy & Sylvie St-Onge. (2018) Social Support and Life-Domain Interactions among Assigned and Self-Initiated Expatriates. European Management Review 15:3, pages 293-313.
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David S.A. Guttormsen. (2018) Does the ‘non-traditional expatriate’ exist? A critical exploration of new expatriation categories. Scandinavian Journal of Management 34:3, pages 233-244.
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Anika Breitenmoser, Benjamin Bader & Nicola Berg. (2017) Why does repatriate career success vary? An empirical investigation from both traditional and protean career perspectives. Human Resource Management 57:5, pages 1049-1063.
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Heidi Wechtler. (2018) “Life if elsewhere”. Career Development International 23:3, pages 291-311.
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Jil Weisheit. (2018) Should I stay or should I go? A systematic literature review about the conceptualization and measurement of international relocation mobility readiness. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 6:2, pages 129-157.
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Susan Shortland. (2018) What seals the deal? How compensation and benefits affect women’s decisions to accept expatriation in the oil and gas industry. Personnel Review 47:3, pages 765-783.
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Susan Shortland. (2018) Female expatriates’ motivations and challenges: the case of oil and gas. Gender in Management: An International Journal 33:1, pages 50-65.
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Taiba Hussain & Stephen Deery. (2018) Why do self-initiated expatriates quit their jobs: The role of job embeddedness and shocks in explaining turnover intentions. International Business Review 27:1, pages 281-288.
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Ivan Wallan-Tertuliano, Oliveira deVivianVivian, Vladan Pavlović & Afonso MachadoAntonioAntonio. (2018) The need for expatriation and the planning of the process: Organizational looks for sports. Ekonomski pogledi 20:1, pages 1-17.
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Kazuko YokoyamaSarah Louisa Birchley. (2018) Mindset and Social Entrepreneurship: Japanese Self-initiated Expatriate Entrepreneurs in Cambodia. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies 4:1, pages 68-88.
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Nóra Szűcs. 2018. Personalmanagement. Personalmanagement 453 474 .
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Vesa Suutari, Chris Brewster & Michael Dickmann. 2018. The Management of Global Careers. The Management of Global Careers 63 89 .
Maike Andresen, Michael Dickmann & Vesa Suutari. 2018. The Management of Global Careers. The Management of Global Careers 33 61 .
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Michael Dickmann, Vesa Suutari & Olivier Wurtz. 2018. The Management of Global Careers. The Management of Global Careers 1 31 .
Kowoon Kim, Cynthia Saldanha Halliday, Yue Zhao, Chen Wang & Mary Ann Von Glinow. (2018) Rewarding Self-Initiated Expatriates: A Skills-Based Approach. Thunderbird International Business Review 60:1, pages 89-104.
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Vesa Suutari, Chris Brewster, Liisa Mäkelä, Michael Dickmann & Christelle Tornikoski. (2018) The Effect of International Work Experience on the Career Success of Expatriates: A Comparison of Assigned and Self-Initiated Expatriates. Human Resource Management 57:1, pages 37-54.
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Michael Dickmann & Ashley Helen Watson. (2017) “I might be shot at!” exploring the drivers to work in hostile environments using an intelligent careers perspective. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 5:4, pages 348-373.
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Philipp Paulus & Katrin Muehlfeld. (2017) Host country language skills and expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment in the presence of fear of terror. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 5:4, pages 418-442.
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Milad Jannesari, Zhongming Wang, Jacob McCall & Boyang Zheng. (2017) Psychological Availability between Self-Initiated Expatriates and Host Country Nationals during Their Adjustment: The Moderating Role of Supportive Supervisor Relations. Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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