1,316
Views
73
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Papers

The health effects of exposure to arsenic-contaminated drinking water: a review by global geographical distribution

, &
Pages 432-452 | Received 18 Mar 2014, Accepted 14 Jul 2014, Published online: 03 Nov 2014

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (5)

Arslan Shabbir, Ghulam Abbas, Saeed Ahmad Asad, Hina Razzaq, Muhammad Anwar-ul-Haq & Muhammad Amjad. (2021) Effects of arsenite on physiological, biochemical and grain yield attributes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): implications for phytoremediation and health risk assessment. International Journal of Phytoremediation 23:9, pages 890-898.
Read now
Hui Zhang, Luobin Wang, Yiyi Wang & Shan Chang. (2020) Using disability-adjusted life years to estimate the cancer risks of low-level arsenic in drinking water. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 55:1, pages 63-70.
Read now
Jahidur Rahman Khan & K. Shuvo Bakar. (2020) Targeting at risk households in Bangladesh exposed to arsenic contamination: a spatial analysis. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 30:1, pages 1-12.
Read now
Congrong Yu, Yufeng Sun, Xiaoyan Zhong, Zhongbo Yu, Xiangying Li, Peng Yi, Huijun Jin & Dongliang Luo. (2019) Arsenic in permafrost-affected rivers and lakes of Tibetan Plateau, China. Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability 31:1, pages 226-232.
Read now
Xinan Wang, Yun Liu, Juan Wang, Yaguang Nie, Shaopeng Chen, Tom K. Hei, Zhaoxiang Deng, Lijun Wu, Guoping Zhao & An Xu. (2017) Amplification of arsenic genotoxicity by TiO2 nanoparticles in mammalian cells: new insights from physicochemical interactions and mitochondria. Nanotoxicology 11:8, pages 978-995.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (68)

Yan Li, Qiaoshi Zhao, Jinyin Yao, Chunpeng Lv, Yanhui Gao, Dianjun Sun & Yanmei Yang. (2023) MiR-96-5p Suppresses Progression of Arsenite-Induced Human Keratinocyte Proliferation and Malignant Transformation by Targeting Denticleless E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Homolog. Toxics 11:12, pages 978.
Crossref
Raquel Soler-Blasco, Sabrina Llop, Gabriel Riutort-Mayol, Manuel Lozano, Jorge Vallejo-Ortega, Mario Murcia, Ferran Ballester, Amaia Irizar, Ainara Andiarena, Nora Fernandez-Jimenez, Simone Braeuer & Florencia Harari. (2023) Genetic Susceptibility to Neurotoxicity Related to Prenatal Inorganic Arsenic Exposure in Young Spanish Children. Environmental Science & Technology 57:41, pages 15366-15378.
Crossref
Larissa de Oliveira Prado, Hugo Renan Bolzani, Hugo Henrique de Simone Souza, Graziele Ruas & Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro da Silva. (2023) Microalgal cultivation in open and closed systems under a tropical climate: A life cycle comparison. Journal of Cleaner Production 422, pages 138631.
Crossref
Talal Alharbi, Hamdy E. Nour, Khaled Al-Kahtany, Salvatore Giacobbe & Abdelbaset S. El-Sorogy. (2023) Sediment's quality and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the Al-Khafji area of the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia. Environmental Earth Sciences 82:20.
Crossref
Sasirot Khamkure, Prócoro Gamero-Melo, Sofía Esperanza Garrido-Hoyos, Audberto Reyes-Rosas, Daniella-Esperanza Pacheco-Catalán & Arely Monserrat López-Martínez. (2023) The Development of Fe3O4-Monolithic Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Carbon Xerogels Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis for Arsenic Removal of Drinking Water. Gels 9:8, pages 618.
Crossref
Hiroshi Yamauchi, Takahiko Yoshida & Ayako Takata. 2023. Arsenic in the Environment - Sources, Impacts and Remedies. Arsenic in the Environment - Sources, Impacts and Remedies.
Felipe Couto-Santos, Luiz Otávio Guimarães-Ervilha, Renner Philipe Rodrigues Carvalho, Daniel Silva Sena Bastos, Ana Cláudia Ferreira Souza, Renê Chagas da Silva, Leandro Licursi de Oliveira, Juraci Alves de Oliveira & Mariana Machado-Neves. (2023) Impact of Early Arsenic Exposure on the Mineral Content and Oxidative Status of the Liver and Kidney of Pubescent and Adult Rats. Biological Trace Element Research.
Crossref
Wei Sheng Choong, Risky Ayu Kristanti, Wilawan Khanitchaidecha, Mehmet Emre & Mihaela Albescu. (2023) Implementation of Soil Washing in Remediation of Contaminated Soil. Tropical Environment, Biology, and Technology 1:1, pages 36-46.
Crossref
Aryatara Shakya, Matthew Dodson, Janick F. Artiola, Monica Ramirez-Andreotta, Robert A. Root, Xinxin Ding, Jon Chorover & Raina M. Maier. (2023) Arsenic in Drinking Water and Diabetes. Water 15:9, pages 1751.
Crossref
Haojie Zhang, Xiongbo Dong & Huaming Yang. (2023) Montmorillonite-mediated electron distribution of zirconium phosphate for accelerating remediation of cadmium-contaminated water and soil. Applied Clay Science 236, pages 106883.
Crossref
Chuan Du & Zhanping Li. (2023) Contamination and health risks of heavy metals in the soil of a historical landfill in northern China. Chemosphere 313, pages 137349.
Crossref
Yufan Zhu, Qiang Chen, Guangyao Li, Jing She, Yuhuan Zhu, Wei Sun, Xiao Liu & Qiulan Wang. (2022) Source and health risk apportionment of PM10 based on heavy metals in a city on the edge of the Tengger Desert. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 16:2, pages 391-399.
Crossref
Shifeng Li, Xiaoyun Yang, Min Xiao, Haibo Wang, Shuhua Yao & Zhongliang Shi. (2023) Efficient As(V) Removal by Recyclable Composite Nickel–Iron Oxide (NiFe2O4) Derived from NiFe Layered Double Hydroxides In situ Growing on Nickel Foam. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 234:2.
Crossref
Jianweng Gao, Jingjing Gong, Jianzhou Yang, Zhenliang Wang, Yangang Fu, Shixin Tang & Shengming Ma. (2023) Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals in a typical volcanic area: Influence of parent materials. Heliyon 9:1, pages e12993.
Crossref
Jianli Jia, Bing Xiao, Yan Yu, Yiping Zou, Tian Yu, Shaoyan Jin, Yichi Ma, Xiaolong Gao & Xiao Li. (2022) Heavy metal levels in the soil near typical coal-fired power plants: partition source apportionment and associated health risks based on PMF and HHRA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 195:1.
Crossref
Sasirot Khamkure, Victoria Bustos-Terrones, Nancy Jakelin Benitez-Avila, María Fernanda Cabello-Lugo, Prócoro Gamero-Melo, Sofía Esperanza Garrido-Hoyos & Juan Marcos Esparza-Schulz. (2022) Effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on magnetic xerogel composites for enhanced removal of fluoride and arsenic from aqueous solution. Water Science and Engineering 15:4, pages 305-317.
Crossref
Jing Sun, Meng Wu, Li Wang, Peiwen Wang, Tian Xiao, Suhua Wang & Qizhan Liu. (2022) miRNA-21, which disrupts metabolic reprogramming to facilitate CD4+ T cell polarization toward the Th2 phenotype, accelerates arsenite-induced hepatic fibrosis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 248, pages 114321.
Crossref
Hannah R. Peel, Fatai O. Balogun, Christopher A. Bowers, Cass T. Miller, Chelsea S. Obeidy, Matthew L. Polizzotto, Sadeya U. Tashnia, David S. Vinson & Owen W. Duckworth. (2022) Towards Understanding Factors Affecting Arsenic, Chromium, and Vanadium Mobility in the Subsurface. Water 14:22, pages 3687.
Crossref
Cassandra Meakin, Emily S. Barrett & Lauren M. Aleksunes. (2022) Extravillous trophoblast migration and invasion: Impact of environmental chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Reproductive Toxicology 107, pages 60-68.
Crossref
Jacinta Alchouron, Amalia L. Bursztyn Fuentes, Abigail Musser, Andrea S. Vega, Dinesh Mohan, Charles U. PittmanJr.Jr., Todd E. Mlsna & Chanaka Navarathna. 2022. Sustainable Biochar for Water and Wastewater Treatment. Sustainable Biochar for Water and Wastewater Treatment 277 320 .
Gedda Gangaraju, Gollavelli Ganesh, Randhi Uma Devi & Kolli Balakrishna. 2022. Phytonanotechnology. Phytonanotechnology 181 197 .
Zhishan Wang. (2021) Mechanisms of the synergistic lung tumorigenic effect of arsenic and benzo(a)pyrene combined- exposure. Seminars in Cancer Biology 76, pages 156-162.
Crossref
Haiwei Zhang, Fei Zhang, Jia Song, Mou Leong Tan, Hsiang-te Kung & Verner Carl Johnson. (2021) Pollutant source, ecological and human health risks assessment of heavy metals in soils from coal mining areas in Xinjiang, China. Environmental Research 202, pages 111702.
Crossref
Franklin Obiri-Nyarko, Anthony A. Duah, Anthony Y. Karikari, William A. Agyekum, Evans Manu & Ralph Tagoe. (2021) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at the Kpone landfill site, Ghana: Implication for ecological and health risk assessment. Chemosphere 282, pages 131007.
Crossref
Roobee Garla, Nikita Sharma, Shamli, Naveen Kaushal & Mohan Lal Garg. (2021) Effect of Zinc on Hepatic and Renal Tissues of Chronically Arsenic Exposed Rats: A Biochemical and Histopathological Study. Biological Trace Element Research 199:11, pages 4237-4250.
Crossref
Yina Chen, Rui Huang, Yusheng Guan, Tingyu Zhuang, Yuanyuan Wang, Renchuan Tan, Jie Wang, Ruijing Zhou, Biying Wang, Jianing Xu, Xiaoling Zhang, Kun Zhou, Rongli Sun & Minjian Chen. (2021) The profiling of elements and pesticides in surface water in Nanjing, China with global comparisons. Science of The Total Environment 774, pages 145749.
Crossref
Dong Li, Yan Yang, Yunxiang Li, Zeqin Li, Xiaohua Zhu & Xianyin Zeng. (2021) Changes induced by chronic exposure to high arsenic concentrations in the intestine and its microenvironment. Toxicology 456, pages 152767.
Crossref
Emre Çomaklı & Mehmet Semih Bingöl. (2021) Heavy metal accumulation of urban Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193:4.
Crossref
Loren Ramsay, Mette M. Petersen, Birgitte Hansen, Jörg Schullehner, Patrick van der Wens, Denitza Voutchkova & Søren M. Kristiansen. (2021) Drinking Water Criteria for Arsenic in High-Income, Low-Dose Countries: The Effect of Legislation on Public Health. Environmental Science & Technology 55:6, pages 3483-3493.
Crossref
Sonal Sachan, Sucheta Pathania, Abbas Ali Mahdi, Swastika Suvirya & Atin Singhai. (2021) Case Report of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma at the Wrist Joint and the Public Health Crisis of Arsenicosis. Journal of Health and Pollution 11:29.
Crossref
Jing Sun, Le Shi, Tian Xiao, Junchao Xue, Junjie Li, Peiwen Wang, Lu Wu, Xiangyu Dai, Xinye Ni & Qizhan Liu. (2021) microRNA-21, via the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway, is involved in arsenite-induced hepatic fibrosis through aberrant cross-talk of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Chemosphere 266, pages 129177.
Crossref
Sumbal Iftikhar, Veysel Turan, Hafiz Muhammad Tauqeer, Bilal Rasool, Muhammad Zubair, Mahmood-ur-Rahman, Muhammad Asaf Khan, Shamim Akhtar, Shahbaz Ali Khan, Zeeshan Basharat, Immad Zulfiqar, Javed Iqbal, Muhammad Iqbal & Pia Muhammad Adnan Ramzani. 2021. Handbook of Bioremediation. Handbook of Bioremediation 61 79 .
Qian Qian Wang, Hao Ying Hua, Hua Naranmandura & Hong-Hu Zhu. (2020) Balance between the toxicity and anticancer activity of arsenic trioxide in treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 409, pages 115299.
Crossref
Alison Irvine, Corinne Schuster-Wallace, Sarah Dickson-Anderson & Lalita Bharadwaj. (2020) Transferrable Principles to Revolutionize Drinking Water Governance in First Nation Communities in Canada. Water 12:11, pages 3091.
Crossref
Sasirot Khamkure, Chidentree Treesatayapun, Sofía Esperanza Garrido-Hoyos, Prócoro Gamero-Melo & Audberto Reyes-Rosas. (2020) Prediction of the pH effect on arsenic (V) removal by varying catalyst of magnetic xerogel monoliths based on FREN model. Water Supply 20:7, pages 2747-2761.
Crossref
Upmanu Lall, Laureline JossetTess Russo. (2020) A Snapshot of the World's Groundwater Challenges. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 45:1, pages 171-194.
Crossref
Calogero Di Bella, Anna Traina, Cristina Giosuè, Davide Carpintieri, Gianluigi Maria Lo Dico, Antonio Bellante, Marianna Del Core, Francesca Falco, Serena Gherardi, Maria Michela Uccello & Vincenzo Ferrantelli. (2020) Heavy Metals and PAHs in Meat, Milk, and Seafood From Augusta Area (Southern Italy): Contamination Levels, Dietary Intake, and Human Exposure Assessment. Frontiers in Public Health 8.
Crossref
Lin Wang, Yi-Fan Lu, Chao-Shan Wang, Yun-Xia Xie, Yan-Qiu Zhao, Ying-Chen Qian, Wei-Tao Liu, Min Wang & Bing-Hua Jiang. (2020) HB-EGF Activates the EGFR/HIF-1α Pathway to Induce Proliferation of Arsenic-Transformed Cells and Tumor Growth. Frontiers in Oncology 10.
Crossref
Agnieszka Dradrach, Anna Karczewska, Katarzyna Szopka & Karolina Lewińska. (2020) Accumulation of Arsenic by Plants Growing in the Sites Strongly Contaminated by Historical Mining in the Sudetes Region of Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:9, pages 3342.
Crossref
M.C. Jones, J.M. Credo, J.C. Ingram, J.A. Baldwin, R.T. TrotterJr.Jr. & C.R. Propper. (2020) Arsenic Concentrations in Ground and Surface Waters across Arizona Including Native Lands. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 169:1, pages 44-60.
Crossref
Yaxin Liu, Kun Xu & Jiemin Cheng. (2020) Different Nanomaterials for Soil Remediation Affect Avoidance Response and Toxicity Response in Earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 104:4, pages 477-483.
Crossref
Amulya Prasad Panda, Priyanka Rout, Sanjukta A. Kumar, Usha Jha & S. K. Swain. (2020) Enhanced performance of a core–shell structured Fe(0)@Fe oxide and Mn(0)@Mn oxide (ZVIM) nanocomposite towards remediation of arsenic contaminated drinking water. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8:8, pages 4318-4333.
Crossref
Nelly Molina-Frechero, Martina Nevarez-Rascón, Omar Tremillo-Maldonado, Marcela Vergara-Onofre, Rey Gutiérrez-Tolentino, Enrique Gaona, Enrique Castañeda, Lizet Jarquin-Yañez & Ronell Bologna-Molina. (2020) Environmental Exposure of Arsenic in Groundwater Associated to Carcinogenic Risk in Underweight Children Exposed to Fluorides. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:3, pages 724.
Crossref
Margaret R. Karagas, Tracy Punshon, Matt Davis, Catherine M. Bulka, Francis Slaughter, Despina Karalis, Maria Argos & Habibul Ahsan. (2019) Rice Intake and Emerging Concerns on Arsenic in Rice: a Review of the Human Evidence and Methodologic Challenges. Current Environmental Health Reports 6:4, pages 361-372.
Crossref
Tae-Gu Lee, Myung-Suk Kong, Eun-Jin Lee, Ha-il Jung, Yihyun Kim, Goo-Bok Jung, Jae-E Yang, Sung-Chul Kim, Gi-In Kim, Gwon-Rae Kim & Mi-Jin Chae. (2019) Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Arable Soils near Industrial Complexes in Gangwon, Chungnam, Jeonnam, and Gyeongnam Provinces of South Korea. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 52:4, pages 541-550.
Crossref
Juan Zhang, Yue Zhang, Weiyan Wang & Zhiyi Zhang. (2019) Potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of arsenic on angiogenesis. Archives of Pharmacal Research 42:11, pages 962-976.
Crossref
Daniel Ociński. (2019) Optimization of hybrid polymer preparation by ex situ embedding of waste Fe/Mn oxides into chitosan matrix as an effective As(III) and As(V) sorbent. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26:25, pages 26026-26038.
Crossref
Sasirot Khamkure, Chidentree Treesatayapun, Sofia Esperanza Garrido-Hoyos, Procoro Gamero-Melo & Audberto Reyes-Rosas. (2019) Textural properties of Magnetic Xerogel monoliths and its Prediction of the Effect of pH on Arsenic (V) adsorption. Textural properties of Magnetic Xerogel monoliths and its Prediction of the Effect of pH on Arsenic (V) adsorption.
Margherita Ferrante, Salvatore Napoli, Alfina Grasso, Pietro Zuccarello, Antonio Cristaldi & Chiara Copat. (2019) Systematic review of arsenic in fresh seafood from the Mediterranean Sea and European Atlantic coasts: A health risk assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology 126, pages 322-331.
Crossref
Adriana Medina-Ramirez, Procoro Gamero-Melo, Beatriz Ruiz-Camacho, Jesus Isaac Minchaca-Mojica, Rafael Romero-Toledo & Karen Yazmin Gamero-Vega. (2019) Adsorption of Aqueous As (III) in Presence of Coexisting Ions by a Green Fe-Modified W Zeolite. Water 11:2, pages 281.
Crossref
Natalie H. Matthews, Katherine Fitch, Wen-Qing Li, J. Steven Morris, David C. Christiani, Abrar A. Qureshi & Eunyoung Cho. (2019) Exposure to Trace Elements and Risk of Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Studies. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 28:1, pages 3-21.
Crossref
Takahiko Yoshida, Guifan Sun, Jungbo Pi, Xin Li, Bing Li & Hiroshi Yamauchi. 2019. Arsenic Contamination in Asia. Arsenic Contamination in Asia 61 81 .
Hui Zhang, Shan Chang, Luobin Wang & Wendong Wang. (2018) Estimating and comparing the cancer risks from THMs and low-level arsenic in drinking water based on disability-adjusted life years. Water Research 145, pages 83-93.
Crossref
Qianqi Yang, Zhiyuan Li, Xiaoning Lu, Qiannan Duan, Lei Huang & Jun Bi. (2018) A review of soil heavy metal pollution from industrial and agricultural regions in China: Pollution and risk assessment. Science of The Total Environment 642, pages 690-700.
Crossref
Zhuhong Ding, Xuebin Xu, Thihongnhung Phan, Xin Hu & Guangze Nie. (2018) High adsorption performance for As(III) and As(V) onto novel aluminum-enriched biochar derived from abandoned Tetra Paks. Chemosphere 208, pages 800-807.
Crossref
Sofia M. da Silva, Liliana Batista-Nascimento, Ana Gaspar-Cordeiro, Laurence Vernis, Catarina Pimentel & Claudina Rodrigues-Pousada. (2018) Transcriptional regulation of Fe S biogenesis genes: A possible shield against arsenate toxicity activated by Yap1. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1862:10, pages 2152-2161.
Crossref
Jessica E. Laine, Vesna Ilievski, David B. Richardson, Amy H. Herring, Miroslav Stýblo, Marisela Rubio-Andrade, Gonzalo Garcia-Vargas, Mary V. Gamble & Rebecca C. Fry. (2018) Maternal one carbon metabolism and arsenic methylation in a pregnancy cohort in Mexico. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 28:5, pages 505-514.
Crossref
Shao-Hua Wen, Ru-Ping Liang, Li Zhang & Jian-Ding Qiu. (2018) Multimodal Assay of Arsenite Contamination in Environmental Samples with Improved Sensitivity through Stimuli-Response of Multiligands Modified Silver Nanoparticles. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6:5, pages 6223-6232.
Crossref
Zhan Zhao, Huaisheng Zhang, Zhongjun Fu, Hao Chen, Yanan Lin, Pengshuai Yan, Weihua Li, Huiling Xie, Zhanyong Guo, Xuehai Zhang & Jihua Tang. (2018) Genetic-based dissection of arsenic accumulation in maize using a genome-wide association analysis method. Plant Biotechnology Journal 16:5, pages 1085-1093.
Crossref
Brenda C. Minatel, Adam P. Sage, Christine Anderson, Roland Hubaux, Erin A. Marshall, Wan L. Lam & Victor D. Martinez. (2018) Environmental arsenic exposure: From genetic susceptibility to pathogenesis. Environment International 112, pages 183-197.
Crossref
Nathalie Saint-Jacques, Patrick Brown, Laura Nauta, James Boxall, Louise Parker & Trevor J.B. Dummer. (2018) Estimating the risk of bladder and kidney cancer from exposure to low-levels of arsenic in drinking water, Nova Scotia, Canada. Environment International 110, pages 95-104.
Crossref
Chris G. Adigun. 2018. Scher and Daniel's Nails. Scher and Daniel's Nails 491 498 .
Lisa Smeester, Paige A. Bommarito, Elizabeth M. Martin, Rogelio Recio-Vega, Tania Gonzalez-Cortes, Edgar Olivas-Calderon, R. Clark Lantz & Rebecca C. Fry. (2017) Chronic early childhood exposure to arsenic is associated with a TNF-mediated proteomic signaling response. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 52, pages 183-187.
Crossref
Adam P. Sage, Brenda C. Minatel, Kevin W. Ng, Greg L. Stewart, Trevor J.B. Dummer, Wan L. Lam & Victor D. Martinez. (2017) Oncogenomic disruptions in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 8:15, pages 25736-25755.
Crossref
Yanxiao Si, Guanghe Li & Fang Zhang. (2016) Energy-Efficient Oxidation and Removal of Arsenite from Groundwater Using Air-Cathode Iron Electrocoagulation. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 4:2, pages 71-75.
Crossref
Seweryn Mucha, Mateusz Berezowski & Katarzyna Markowska. (2017) Mechanisms of arsenic toxicity and transport in microorganisms. Postępy Mikrobiologii - Advancements of Microbiology 56:1, pages 88-99.
Crossref
Lauren Joca, Jason D. Sacks, Danielle Moore, Janice S. Lee, Reeder SamsIIII & John Cowden. (2016) Systematic review of differential inorganic arsenic exposure in minority, low-income, and indigenous populations in the United States. Environment International 92-93, pages 707-715.
Crossref
Ralf Dringen, Sabrina Spiller, Sarah Neumann & Yvonne Koehler. (2015) Uptake, Metabolic Effects and Toxicity of Arsenate and Arsenite in Astrocytes. Neurochemical Research 41:3, pages 465-475.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.