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Original Articles

Adult Recall of Childhood Exposure to Parental Conflict: Unpacking the Black Box of Parental Alienation

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Pages 55-76 | Published online: 07 Jan 2011

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (16)

Jean Mercer. (2023) The Baker strategies questionnaire and decisions about reunification. Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development 20:1, pages 3-19.
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Michaela D. Mullis, Carla L. Fisher & Bianca Wolf. (2022) “Going down the Rabbit Hole”: Relational Tensions Experienced by Alienated Parents during Reconnection. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 63:5, pages 374-400.
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Stephen Lee Morrison & Robyn Ring. (2021) Reliability of the Five-Factor Model for Determining Parental Alienation. The American Journal of Family Therapy 0:0, pages 1-19.
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Caitlin Bentley & Mandy Matthewson. (2020) The Not-Forgotten Child: Alienated Adult Children’s Experience of Parental Alienation. The American Journal of Family Therapy 48:5, pages 509-529.
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Madelyn Simring Milchman. (2019) How far has parental alienation research progressed toward achieving scientific validity?. Journal of Child Custody 16:2, pages 115-139.
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Theresa A. Wozencraft, Monica Tauzin & Lori Romero. (2019) The Relationship Between Psychological Functioning in a College Sample and Retrospective Reports of Parental Loyalty Conflicts and Psychological Maltreatment. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 60:2, pages 104-116.
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Lindsey S. Aloia & Claire Strutzenberg. (2019) Parent–Child Communication Apprehension: The Role of Parental Alienation and Self-Esteem. Communication Reports 32:1, pages 1-14.
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Scott C Huff, Shayne R. Anderson, Kari L. Adamsons & Rachel B. Tambling. (2017) Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Children's Contact Refusal of Parents Following Divorce. The American Journal of Family Therapy 45:1, pages 66-77.
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Amy J. L. Baker & Maria Christina Verrocchio. (2016) Exposure to Parental Alienation and Subsequent Anxiety and Depression in Italian Adults. The American Journal of Family Therapy 44:5, pages 255-271.
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Amy J. L. Baker & Amy Eichler. (2016) The Linkage Between Parental Alienation Behaviors and Child Alienation. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 57:7, pages 475-484.
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Amy J. L. Baker & Maria Christina Verrocchio. (2013) Italian College Student-Reported Childhood Exposure to Parental Alienation: Correlates With Well-Being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 54:8, pages 609-628.
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AmyJ. L. Baker, Nirav Mehta & Jeanette Chong. (2013) Foster Children Caught in Loyalty Conflicts: Implications for Mental Health Treatment Providers. The American Journal of Family Therapy 41:5, pages 363-375.
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Amy J. L. Baker & Marla R. Brassard. (2013) Adolescents Caught in Parental Loyalty Conflicts. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 54:5, pages 393-413.
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Articles from other publishers (37)

Diego Portilla-Saavedra, Cristián Pinto-Cortez & Rodrigo Moya-Vergara. (2023) Psychological Distress in Young Chilean Adults Exposed to Parental Alienating Behaviors during Childhood/Adolescence. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 13:9, pages 1707-1716.
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Mandy Louise Matthewson, Jessica Bowring, Jacinta Hickey, Sophie Ward, Peta Diercke & Leesa Van Niekerk. (2023) A qualitative exploration of reunification post alienation from the perspective of adult alienated children and targeted parents. Frontiers in Psychology 14.
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Kunyan Wang, Xiaochun Xie, Tianyu Zhang, Fangfang Liu, Yinghang Huang & Xiangkui Zhang. (2023) Change brings new life: the influence of parental alienation behaviors on adolescent depression. Current Psychology.
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Mustafa ADIBATMAZ & Yasemin ÖZKAN. (2023) BAKER STRATEJİ SORU FORMU’NUN TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜNE UYARLANMASIADAPTATION OF BAKER STRATEGY QUESTİONNAİRE INTO TURKISH CULTURE. Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi 0:21, pages 26-42.
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Amanda E. Sharples, Jennifer J. Harman & Demosthenes Lorandos. (2023) Findings of Abuse in Families Affected by Parental Alienation. Journal of Family Violence.
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Paloma Miralles, Carmen Godoy & María D. Hidalgo. (2021) Long-term emotional consequences of parental alienation exposure in children of divorced parents: A systematic review. Current Psychology 42:14, pages 12055-12069.
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Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho, Renan P. Monteiro, Amanda Lannes, Jane Blanche, Natalia Antunes, Nayara Avelino & Victória Rhaykemi. (2023) Are my parents psychopaths? How Mental health and self-esteem is impacted by perceived dark traits in parents. Current Psychology.
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Klara Smith-Etxeberria, Irune Corres-Medrano & Itziar Fernandez-Villanueva. (2022) Parental Divorce Process and Post-Divorce Parental Behaviors and Strategies: Examining Emerging Adult Children’s Attachment-Related Anxiety and Avoidance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:16, pages 10383.
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Oana-Maria Isailă & Sorin Hostiuc. (2022) Medical–Legal and Psychosocial Considerations on Parental Alienation as a Form of Child Abuse: A Brief Review. Healthcare 10:6, pages 1134.
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William Bernet & Laurence L. Greenhill. (2022) The Five-Factor Model for the Diagnosis of Parental Alienation. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 61:5, pages 591-594.
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Suzanne Verhaar, Mandy Louise Matthewson & Caitlin Bentley. (2022) The Impact of Parental Alienating Behaviours on the Mental Health of Adults Alienated in Childhood. Children 9:4, pages 475.
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Jennifer J. Harman, Mandy L. Matthewson & Amy J.L. Baker. (2022) Losses experienced by children alienated from a parent. Current Opinion in Psychology 43, pages 7-12.
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William Bernet, Amy J. L. Baker & Kevin Lee AdkinsIIII. (2021) Definitions and terminology regarding child alignments, estrangement, and alienation: A survey of custody evaluators. Journal of Forensic Sciences 67:1, pages 279-288.
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Camila Parisi Zavala, Paulo Mateus Elmor & Lelio Moura Lourenço. (2021) Instrumentos de identificação da alienação parental no contexto jurídico: uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Gerais: Revista Interinstitucional de Psicologia 14:spe.
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Emily N. Satinsky, Tomoki Kimura, Mathew V. Kiang, Rediet Abebe, Scott Cunningham, Hedwig Lee, Xiaofei Lin, Cindy H. Liu, Igor Rudan, Srijan Sen, Mark Tomlinson, Miranda Yaver & Alexander C. Tsai. (2021) Systematic review and meta-analysis of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among Ph.D. students. Scientific Reports 11:1.
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Paolo Roma, Daniela Marchetti, Cristina Mazza, Franco Burla & Maria Cristina Verrocchio. (2020) MMPI-2 Profiles of Mothers Engaged in Parental Alienation. Journal of Family Issues 42:4, pages 722-740.
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Alina Georgeta Sîrbu, Mona Vintilă, Luca Tisu, Adelina Mihaela Ștefănuț, Otilia Ioana Tudorel, Beatrice Măguran & Roxana Andreea Toma. (2020) Parental Alienation-Development and Validation of a Behavioral Anchor Scale. Sustainability 13:1, pages 316.
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T.M. Marques, I. Narciso & L.C. Ferreira. (2020) Empirical research on parental alienation: A descriptive literature review. Children and Youth Services Review 119, pages 105572.
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Amy J. L. Baker. (2018) Reliability and validity of the four‐factor model of parental alienation. Journal of Family Therapy 42:1, pages 100-118.
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M. C. Verrocchio, D. Marchetti, D. Carrozzino, A. Compare & M. Fulcheri. (2019) Depression and quality of life in adults perceiving exposure to parental alienation behaviors. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 17:1.
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Maria Christina Verrocchio, Amy J. L. Baker & Daniela Marchetti. (2019) Volwassenen over blootstelling aan ouder-diskwalificatie tijdens verschillende ontwikkelingsperioden in hun jeugd. Gezinstherapie Wereldwijd 30:4, pages 404-418.
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Catherine Turbide & Marie-Christine Saint-Jacques. (2019) L’émergence de la notion de conflits sévères de séparation au Québec : entre l’évolution de la famille et la réponse de l’État. Enfances, Familles, Générations:32.
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Maria Christina Verrocchio, Amy J. L. Baker & Daniela Marchetti. (2018) Adult report of childhood exposure to parental alienation at different developmental time periods. Journal of Family Therapy 40:4, pages 602-618.
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Clare Poustie, Mandy Matthewson & Sian Balmer. (2018) The Forgotten Parent: The Targeted Parent Perspective of Parental Alienation. Journal of Family Issues 39:12, pages 3298-3323.
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Leo Sher. (2017) Parental alienation: the impact on men’s mental health. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 29:3.
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Kate Templer, Mandy Matthewson, Janet Haines & Georgina Cox. (2017) Recommendations for best practice in response to parental alienation: findings from a systematic review. Journal of Family Therapy 39:1, pages 103-122.
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Anna Lubrano Lavandera, Michela Criscuolo & Laura Carla Galante. (2017) Caratteristiche individuali e dinamiche relazionali nel rifiuto genitoriale: un confronto tra gruppi. MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL'INFANZIA:3, pages 79-100.
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Maria Cristina Verrocchio, Amy J. L. Baker & William Bernet. (2016) Associations between Exposure to Alienating Behaviors, Anxiety, and Depression in an Italian Sample of Adults. Journal of Forensic Sciences 61:3, pages 692-698.
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Maria C. Verrocchio, Daniela Marchetti & Mario Fulcheri. (2015) Perceived Parental Functioning, Self-Esteem, and Psychological Distress in Adults Whose Parents are Separated/Divorced. Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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Amy J. L. Baker & Maria Cristina Verrocchio. (2014) Parental Bonding and Parental Alienation as Correlates of Psychological Maltreatment in Adults in Intact and Non-intact Families. Journal of Child and Family Studies 24:10, pages 3047-3057.
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William Bernet, Amy J. L. Baker & Maria C. Verrocchio. (2015) Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised Scores in Adult Children Exposed to Alienating Behaviors: An Italian Sample. Journal of Forensic Sciences 60:2, pages 357-362.
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Maria Cristina Verrocchio & Amy J. L. Baker. (2013) Italian Adults’ Recall of Childhood Exposure to Parental Loyalty Conflicts. Journal of Child and Family Studies 24:1, pages 95-105.
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Amy J. L. Baker. (2014) Parental alienation as a form of psychological maltreatment: Review of theory and research. MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL'INFANZIA:1, pages 37-55.
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Amy J. L. BakerAmy Eichler. (2018) College Student Childhood Exposure to Parental Loyalty Conflicts. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 95:1, pages 59-66.
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Lisa M. Hooper, Luciano L'Abate, Laura G. Sweeney, Giovanna Gianesini & Peter J. JankowskiLisa M. Hooper, Luciano L’Abate, Laura G. Sweeney, Giovanna Gianesini & Peter J. Jankowski. 2014. Models of Psychopathology. Models of Psychopathology 55 73 .
Anna Lubrano Lavadera, Stefano Ferracuti & Marisa Malagoli Togliatti. (2012) Parental Alienation Syndrome in Italian legal judgments: An exploratory study. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 35:4, pages 334-342.
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. 2012. Introduction to Forensic Psychology. Introduction to Forensic Psychology 615 679 .

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