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Prehospital Emergency Care Volume 3, 1999 - Issue 4
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Original Article

Gamma hydroxybutyrate (ghb): Report of a mass intoxication and review of the literature

Marc Eckstein Los Angeles City Fire Department, Los Angeles, California; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CaliforniaCorrespondence<[email protected]>
,
Sean O. Henderson Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
,
Prosy DelaCruz State of California Department of Health, Services Food and Drug Branch, Los Angeles, California
&
Edward Newton Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
Pages 357-361 | Received 08 Apr 1999, Accepted 12 Apr 1999, Published online: 02 Jul 2009

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Leo J Schep, Kai Knudsen, Robin J Slaughter, J Allister Vale & Bruno Mégarbane. (2012) The clinical toxicology of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol. Clinical Toxicology 50:6, pages 458-470.
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Jan Krul & Armand R.J. Girbes. (2011) Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: Experience of 9 years of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-related incidents during rave parties in The Netherlands. Clinical Toxicology 49:4, pages 311-315.
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Deborah L. Zvosec, Stephen W. Smith, Regina Litonjua & Richard E.J. Westfal. (2007) Physostigmine for gamma-hydroxybutyrate coma: Inefficacy, adverse events, and review. Clinical Toxicology 45:3, pages 261-265.
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Uttam Garg, David Scott$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Mike Kiscoan, Jeff Knoblauch, C. Clinton Frazee$suffix/text()$suffix/text() & Gary Wasserman. (2007) Letter to the Editor: “Use of urine organic acids method for the analysis of gamma-hydroxybutric acid (GHB): Importance of urease in eliminating urea interference”. Clinical Toxicology 45:2, pages 194-196.
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Louisa Degenhardt, Jan Copeland & Paul Dillon. (2005) Recent Trends in the Use of “Club Drugs”: An Australian Review. Substance Use & Misuse 40:9-10, pages 1241-1256.
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David C. Cone, E. Brooke Lerner & Donald M. Yealy. (2002) Prehospital Care Research—The Basics. Prehospital Emergency Care 6:sup2, pages S2-S8.
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Articles from other publishers (14)

E. Brooke Lerner, David C. Cone & Donald M. Yealy. 2015. Emergency Medical Services. Emergency Medical Services 401 409 .
M. E. Sutter, J. Chenoweth & T. E. Albertson. (2013) Alternative Drugs of Abuse. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 46:1, pages 3-18.
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Naren Gunja. (2012) Teenage toxins: Recreational poisoning in the adolescent. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 48:7, pages 560-566.
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Kristyn Frawly & Donald E. McMillan. (2008) Effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on punished responding in pigeons. Behavioural Pharmacology 19:1, pages 77-79.
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Q. Li, C.M. Kuhn, W.A. Wilson & D.V. Lewis. (2007) Effects of gamma hydroxybutyric acid on inhibition and excitation in rat neocortex. Neuroscience 150:1, pages 82-92.
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LAWRENCE S. QUANG. 2007. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose 803 823 .
M. Kuisma, T. Hiltunen, T. Maatta, J. Puolakka, J. Boyd, M. Nousila-Wiik & T. Hakala. (2005) Analysis of multiple casualty incidents - a prospective cohort study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 49:10, pages 1527-1533.
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Deborah L. Zvosec & Stephen W. Smith. (2005) Agitation is common in γ-hydroxybutyrate toxicity. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 23:3, pages 316-320.
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LAWRENCE S. QUANG, MALHAR C. DESAI, MICHAEL W. SHANNON, ALAN D. WOOLF & TIMOTHY J. MAHER. (2004) 4-Methylpyrazole Decreases 1,4-Butanediol Toxicity by Blocking Its in Vivo Biotransformation to γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1025:1, pages 528-537.
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C Guin Ting Wong, Katherine F Y Chan, K Michael Gibson & O Carter SneadIIIIII. (2004) ??-Hydroxybutyric Acid. Toxicological Reviews 23:1, pages 3-20.
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C.Guin Ting Wong, K.Michael Gibson & O.Carter SneadIIIIII. (2004) From the street to the brain: neurobiology of the recreational drug γ-hydroxybutyric acid. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 25:1, pages 29-34.
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L.S Quang, M.W Shannon, A.D Woolf, M.C Desai & T.J Maher. (2002) Pretreatment of CD-1 mice with 4-methylpyrazole blocks toxicity from the gamma-hydroxybutyrate precursor, 1,4-butanediol. Life Sciences 71:7, pages 771-778.
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Deborah L. Zvosec, Stephen W. Smith, J. Rod McCutcheon, Joe Spillane, Bradley J. Hall & Elizabeth A. Peacock. (2001) Adverse Events, Including Death, Associated with the Use of 1,4-Butanediol. New England Journal of Medicine 344:2, pages 87-94.
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David G.E. Caldicott & Marie Kuhn. (2001) Gamma-hydroxybutyrate overdose and physostigmine: Teaching new tricks to an old drug?. Annals of Emergency Medicine 37:1, pages 99-102.
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