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Original Articles

Does High Organochlorine (OC) Exposure Impair The Resistance To Infection In Polar Bears (Ursus Maritimus)? Part I: Effect Of Ocs On The Humoral Immunity

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Pages 555-582 | Accepted 01 Oct 2003, Published online: 12 Aug 2010

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Patricia A. Fair, Margie M. Peden-Adams, Meagan A.M. Mollenhauer, Gregory D. Bossart, Deborah E. Keil & Natasha D. White. (2021) Effects of an environmentally relevant PCB-mixture on immune function, clinical chemistry, and thyroid hormone levels in adult female B6C3F1 mice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 84:7, pages 279-297.
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Eugen Gravningen S⊘rmo, Hans J⊘rgenS. Larsen, Grethe Marie Johansen, Janneche Utne Skaare & Bj⊘rn Munro Jenssen. (2009) Immunotoxicity of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) in Free-Ranging Gray Seal Pups with Special Emphasis on Dioxin-Like Congeners. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 72:3-4, pages 266-276.
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Elisabeth Lie, Hans Jørgen S. Larsen, Stig Larsen, Grethe Marie Johansen, Andrew E. Derocher, Nicholas J. Lunn, Ross J. Norstrom, Øystein Wiig & Janneche Utne Skaare. (2005) Does High Organochlorine (OC) Exposure Impair the Resistance to Infection in Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus)? Part II: Possible Effect of OCs on Mitogen- and Antigen-Induced Lymphocyte Proliferation. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 68:6, pages 457-484.
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Gro D. Villanger, Bjørn M. Jenssen, Rita R. Fjeldberg, Robert J. Letcher, Derek C.G. Muir, Maja Kirkegaard, Christian Sonne & Rune Dietz. (2011) Exposure to mixtures of organohalogen contaminants and associative interactions with thyroid hormones in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Environment International 37:4, pages 694-708.
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David O. Carpenter. (2011) Health effects of persistent organic pollutants: the challenge for the Pacific Basin and for the world. Reviews on Environmental Health 26:1.
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Christian Sonne, Hans Jørgen S. Larsen, Maja Kirkegaard, Robert J. Letcher & Rune Dietz. (2010) Trans-generational and neonatal humoral immune responses in West Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris) exposed to organohalogenated environmental contaminants. Science of The Total Environment 408:23, pages 5801-5807.
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Steven Presley, Galen Austin & C Dabbert. 2010. Wildlife Toxicology. Wildlife Toxicology 73 109 .
Arno C. GutlebPeter CenijnMartin van VelzenElisabeth LieErik RopstadJanneche Utne SkaareTina MalmbergÅke BergmanGeir W. GabrielsenJuliette Legler. (2010) In Vitro Assay Shows That PCB Metabolites Completely Saturate Thyroid Hormone Transport Capacity in Blood of Wild Polar Bears ( Ursus maritimus ) . Environmental Science & Technology 44:8, pages 3149-3154.
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Christian Sonne, Kim Gustavson, Frank F. Rigét, Rune Dietz, Morten Birkved, Robert J. Letcher, Rossana Bossi, Katrin Vorkamp, Erik W. Born & Gitte Petersen. (2009) Reproductive performance in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) may be affected by organohalogen contaminants as shown by physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling. Chemosphere 77:11, pages 1558-1568.
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Christian Sonne, Hans Wolkers, Pall S. Leifsson, Tine Iburg, Bjørn Munro Jenssen, Eva Fuglei, Øystein Ahlstrøm, Rune Dietz, Maja Kirkegaard, Derek C.G. Muir & Even H. Jørgensen. (2009) Chronic dietary exposure to environmental organochlorine contaminants induces thyroid gland lesions in Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). Environmental Research 109:6, pages 702-711.
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Thea Ø. Bechshøft, Frank F. Rigét, Christian Sonne, Øystein Wiig, Rune Dietz & Robert J. Letcher. (2009) Skull Foramina Asymmetry in East Greenland and Svalbard Polar Bears ( Ursus maritimus ) in Relation to Stressful Environments . Annales Zoologici Fennici 46:3, pages 181-192.
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Christian Sonne, Hans Wolkers, Frank F. Rigét, Jens-Erik Beck Jensen, Jenni Teilmann, Bjørn Munro Jenssen, Eva Fuglei, Øystein Ahlstrøm, Rune Dietz, Derek C.G. Muir & Even H. Jørgensen. (2009) Mineral density and biomechanical properties of bone tissue from male Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) exposed to organochlorine contaminants and emaciation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 149:1, pages 97-103.
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Christian Sonne, Frank F. Rigét, Jens-Erik Beck Jensen, Lars Hyldstrup, Jenni Teilmann, Rune Dietz, Maja Kirkegaard, Steen Andersen, Robert J. Letcher & Jette Jakobsen. (2008) Does the nutrition profile of vitamins, fatty acids and microelements counteract the negative impact from organohalogen pollutants on bone mineral density in Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris)?. Environment International 34:6, pages 811-820.
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Thea Ø. Bechshøft, Christian Sonne, Frank F. Rigét, Øystein Wiig & Rune Dietz. (2008) Differences in growth, size and sexual dimorphism in skulls of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Polar Biology 31:8, pages 945-958.
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Scott A. Rush, Katrine Borgå, Rune Dietz, Erik W. Born, Christian Sonne, Thomas Evans, Derek C.G. Muir, Robert J. Letcher, Ross J. Norstrom & Aaron T. Fisk. (2008) Geographic distribution of selected elements in the livers of polar bears from Greenland, Canada and the United States. Environmental Pollution 153:3, pages 618-626.
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R. Dietz, R. Bossi, F. F. Rigét, C. Sonne & E. W. Born. (2008) Increasing Perfluoroalkyl Contaminants in East Greenland Polar Bears ( Ursus maritimus ): A New Toxic Threat to the Arctic Bears . Environmental Science & Technology 42:7, pages 2701-2707.
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Christian Sonne, Hans Wolkers, Pall S. Leifsson, Bjørn Munro Jenssen, Eva Fuglei, Øystein Ahlstrøm, Rune Dietz, Maja Kirkegaard, Derek C.G. Muir & Even Jørgensen. (2008) Organochlorine-induced histopathology in kidney and liver tissue from Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus). Chemosphere 71:7, pages 1214-1224.
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Christian Sonne, Rune Dietz, Erik W. Born, Pall S. Leifsson & Steen Andersen. (2008) Is there a link between hypospadias and organochlorine exposure in East Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris)?. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 69:3, pages 391-395.
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Thea Ø. Bechshøft, Øystein Wiig, Christian Sonne, Frank F. Rigét, Rune Dietz, Robert J. Letcher & Derek C. G. Muir. (2008) Temporal and Spatial Variation in Metric Asymmetry in Skulls of Polar Bears ( Ursus maritimus ) from East Greenland and Svalbard . Annales Zoologici Fennici 45:1, pages 15-31.
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Christian Sonne, Pall S. Leifsson, Rune Dietz, Maja Kirkegaard, Asger L. Jensen, Soheila Shahmiri & Robert J. Letcher. (2008) Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris) develop liver lesions when exposed to a chronic and dietary low dose of an environmental organohalogen cocktail. Environmental Research 106:1, pages 72-80.
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C. Sonne, S. Fonfara, R. Dietz, M. Kirkegaard, R. J. Letcher, S. Shahmiri, S. Andersen & P. Møller. (2007) Multiple Cytokine and Acute-Phase Protein Gene Transcription in West Greenland Sledge Dogs (Canis familiaris) Dietary Exposed to Organic Environmental Pollutants. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53:1, pages 110-118.
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Geir Wing Gabrielsen. 2007. Arctic Alpine Ecosystems and People in a Changing Environment. Arctic Alpine Ecosystems and People in a Changing Environment 377 412 .
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Ailsa J. Hall, Kelly Hugunin, Robert Deaville, Robin J. Law, Colin R. Allchin & Paul D. Jepson. (2006) The Risk of Infection from Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure in the Harbor Porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ): A Case–Control Approach . Environmental Health Perspectives 114:5, pages 704-711.
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Mattis Mikkelsen & Bjørn Munro Jenssen. (2006) Polychlorinated biphenyls, sex steroid hormones and liver retinoids in adult male European common frogs Rana temporaria. Chemosphere 63:5, pages 707-715.
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Gwynne Lyons. (2006) Viewpoint: Policy Requirements for Protecting Wildlife from Endocrine Disruptors. Environmental Health Perspectives 114:Suppl 1, pages 142-146.
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Aaron T. Fisk, Cynthia A. de Wit, Mark Wayland, Zou Zou Kuzyk, Neil Burgess, Robert Letcher, Birgit Braune, Ross Norstrom, Susan Polischuk Blum, Courtney Sandau, Elisabeth Lie, Hans Jørgen S. Larsen, Janneche Utne Skaare & Derek C.G. Muir. (2005) An assessment of the toxicological significance of anthropogenic contaminants in Canadian arctic wildlife. Science of The Total Environment 351-352, pages 57-93.
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Jonathan Verreault, Derek C.G. Muir, Ross J. Norstrom, Ian Stirling, Aaron T. Fisk, Geir W. Gabrielsen, Andrew E. Derocher, Thomas J. Evans, Rune Dietz, Christian Sonne, Gregory M. Sandala, Wouter Gebbink, Frank F. Riget, Erik W. Born, Mitch K. Taylor, John Nagy & Robert J. Letcher. (2005) Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants and metabolites in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard: 1996−2002. Science of The Total Environment 351-352, pages 369-390.
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R.H. Waring & R.M. Harris. (2005) Endocrine disrupters: A human risk?. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 244:1-2, pages 2-9.
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Andrew E. Derocher. (2005) Population ecology of polar bears at Svalbard, Norway. Population Ecology 47:3, pages 267-275.
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. (2005) Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to the presence of non dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in feed and food. EFSA Journal 3:11, pages 284.
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Christian Sonne, Rune Dietz, Pall S. Leifsson, Erik W. Born, Robert J. Letcher, Maja Kirkegaard, Derek C. G. Muir, Frank F. Riget & Lars Hyldstrup. (2005) Do Organohalogen Contaminants Contribute to Histopathology in Liver from East Greenland Polar Bears ( Ursus maritimus )? . Environmental Health Perspectives 113:11, pages 1569-1574.
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M. Kirkegaard, C. Sonne, P.S. Leifsson, R. Dietz, E.W. Born, D.C.G. Muir & R.J. Letcher. (2005) Histology of selected immunological organs in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland in relation to concentrations of organohalogen contaminants. Science of The Total Environment 341:1-3, pages 119-132.
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Christian Sonne, Rune Dietz, Erik W. Born, Frank F. Riget, Maja Kirkegaard, Lars Hyldstrup, Robert J. Letcher & Derek C. G. Muir. (2004) Is Bone Mineral Composition Disrupted by Organochlorines in East Greenland Polar Bears ( Ursus maritimus )? . Environmental Health Perspectives 112:17, pages 1711-1716.
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