Does High Organochlorine (OC) Exposure Impair The Resistance To Infection In Polar Bears (Ursus Maritimus)? Part I: Effect Of Ocs On The Humoral Immunity

REFERENCES

• Adlam , C. , Knights , M. J. , Mugridge , A. , Lindon , J. C. , Baker , P. R. W. , Beesley , J. E. , Spacey , B. , Craig , G. R. and Nagy , L. K. 1984 . Purification, characterization and immunological properties of the serotype-specific capsular polysaccharide of Pasteurella haemolytica (serotype A1) organisms. . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 130 : 2415 – 2426 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Altman , D. G. 1999 . Practical statistics for medical research , London : Chapman & Hall/CRC. .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , M. , Lie , E. , Derocher , A. E. , Belikov , S. E. , Bernhoft , A. , Boltunov , A. N. , Garner , G. W. , Skaare , J. U. and Wiig , Ø. 2001 . Geographic variation of PCB congeners in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard east to the Chukchi Sea . Polar. Biol. , 24 : 231 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avrameas , S. , Taudou , B. and Chuilon , S. 1969 . Glutaraldehyde cyanuric chloride and tetraazotized odianisidine as coupling reagents in passive haemagglutination test. . Immunochemistry , 6 : 67 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernhoft , A. , Wiig , Ø. and Skaare , J. U. 1997 . Organochlorines in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. . Environ. Pollut. , 95 : 159 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhoft , A. , Skaare , J. U. , Wiig , Ø. , Derocher , A. E. and Larsen , H. J. S. 2000 . Possible immunotoxic effects of organochlorines in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 59 : 561 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvert , W. and Ramsay , M. A. 1998 . Evaluation of age determination of polar bears by counts of cementum growth layer groups . Ursus , 10 : 449 – 453 .
   Google Scholar
• De Guise , S. , Martineau , D. , Beland , P. and Fournier , M. 1995 . Possible mechanisms of action of environmental contaminants on St-Lawrence beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) . Environ. Health Perspect. , 103 : 73 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Guise , S. , Martineau , D. , BŽland , P. and Fournier , M. 1998 . Effects of in vitro exposure of beluga whale leukocytes to selected organochlorines. . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 55 : 479 – 493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derocher , A. E. and Wiig , Ø . 2002 . Postnatal growth in body length and mass of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. . J. Zool , 256 : 343 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Descotes , J. 1999 . An introduction to immunotoxicology , London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• De Swart , R. L. , Ross , P. S. , Vedder , L. J. , Timmerman , H. H. , Heisterkamp , S. , Van Loveren , H. , Vos , J. G. , Reijnders , P. J. H. and Osterhaus , A. D. M. E. 1994 . Impairment of immune function in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) feeding on fish from polluted waters. . Ambio , 23 : 155 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Swart , R. L. , Ross , P. S. , Timmerman , H. H. , Vos , H. W. , Reijnders , P. J. H. , Vos , J. G. and Osterhaus , A. D. M. E. 1995 . Impaired cellular immune-response in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) feeding on environmentally contaminated herring. . Clin. Exp. Immunol. , 101 : 480 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wit , C. A. , Fisk , A. T. , Hobbs , K. E. , Muir , D. C. G. , Gabrielsen , G. W. , Kallenborn , R. , Krahn , M. , Norstrom , R. J. and Skaare , J. U. , eds. 2004 . AMAP Assessment 2002: Persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic , Oslo, , Norway : Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) .
   Google Scholar
• Fournier , M. , Degas , V. , Colborn , T. , Omara , F. O. , Denizeau , F. , Potworowski , E. F. and Brousseau , P. 2000 . Immunosuppression in mice fed on diets containing beluga whale blubber from the St. Lawrence Estuary and the Arctic populations . Toxicol. Lett , 112–113 : 311 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. , Anderson , R. E. , Tatham , R. L. and Black , W. C. 1998 . Multivariate data analysis , 5th , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , N. , Connor , K. , Steinberg , M. and Safe , S. 1995 . Immunosuppressive activity of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures and congeners—Nonadditive (antagonistic) interactions. . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 27 : 131 – 139 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henriksen , E. O. , Wiig , Ø. , Skaare , J. U. , Gabrielsen , G. W. and Derocher , A. E. 2001 . Monitoring PCBs in polar bears: Lessons learned from Svalbard . J. Environ. Monit. , 3 : 493 – 498 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoogerbrygge , R. and Liem , A. K. D. 2000 . How to handle non-detects? . Organohalogen Comp. , 45 : 13 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Hori , S. , Obana , H. , Kashimoto , T. , Otake , T. , Nishimura , H. , Ikegami , N. , Kunita , N. and Uda , H. 1982 . Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychloinated quaterphenyls in cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) . Toxicology , 24 : 123 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihlstrom , J. E. , Olsson , M. , Jensen , S. , Johansson , A. , Ahlbom , J. and Bergman , Å . 1992 . Effects of PCB and different fractions of PCB on the reproduction of the mink (Mustela vison) . Ambio , 21 : 563 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinbaum , D. G. , Kupper , L. L. , Muller , K. E. and Nizam , A. 1998 . Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods , Albany, NY : Duxbury Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kolenosky , G. B. , Lunn , N. J. , Greenwood , C. J. and Abraham , K. F. 1989 . Estimating the weight of polar bears from body measurements. . J. Wildl. Manage , 53 : 188 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahvis , G. P. , Wells , R. S. , Kuehl , D. W. , Stewart , J. L. , Rhinehart , H. L. and Via , C. S. 1995 . Decreased lymphocyte-responses in free-ranging bottle-nosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are associated with increased concentrations of PCBs and DDT in peripheral-blood. . Environ. Health Perspect. , 103 : 67 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapierre , P. , De Guise , S. , Muir , D. C. G. , Norstrom , R. J. , Beland , P. and Fournier , M. 1999 . Immune functions in the fisher rat fed beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) blubber from the contaminated St. Lawrence estuary. . Environ. Res. , 80 : 104 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letcher , R. J. , Norstrom , R. J. and Bergman , Å . 1995 . Geographical distribution and identification of methyl sulphone PCB and DDE metabolites in pooled polar bear (Ursus maritimus) adipose tissue from Western Hemisphere arctic and subarctic regions . Sci. Total. Environ , 160–161 : 409 – 420 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Letcher , R. J. , Norstrom , R. J. , Lin , S. , Ramsay , M. A. and Bandiera , S. M. 1996 . Immunoquantitation and microsomal monooxygenase activities of hepatic cytochromes P4501A and P4502B and chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminant levels in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 137 : 127 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lie , E. , Bernhoft , A. , Riget , F. , Belikov , S. E. , Boltunov , A. N. , Derocher , A. E. , Garner , G. W. , Wiig , Ø. and Skaare , J. U. 2003 . Geographical distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Norwegian and Russian Arctic . Sci. Total. Environ. , 306 : 159 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loose , L. D. , Pittman , K. A. , Benitz , K. F. and Silkworth , J. B. 1977 . Polychlorinated biphenyl and hexachlorobenzene induced humoral immunosuppression. . J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. , 22 : 253 – 271 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mancini , G. , Vaerman , J. P. , Garbonara , A. and Heremans , J. F. 1964 . “ A single-radial diffusion method for the immunological quantification of proteins ” . In Protides of the biological fluids , Edited by: Peeters , H. 370 – 373 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Martineau , D. , De Guise , S. , Fournier , M. , Shugart , L. , Girard , C. , Lagace , A. and Beland , P. 1994 . Pathology and toxicology of beluga whales from the St-Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada—Past, present and future. . Sci. Total. Environ. , 154 : 201 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayr , A. , Bachmann , P. A. , Bibrack , B. and Wittmann , G. 1977a . “ HŠmagglutinationshemmungreaktion ” . In Virologische Arbeitsmetoden 2 , Edited by: Mayr , A. , Bachmann , P. A. , Bibrack , B. and Wittmann , G. 207 – 291 . Jena : Gustav Fischer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Mayr , A. , Bachmann , P. A. , Bibrack , B. and Wittmann , G. 1977b . “ Neutralizationstest ” . In Virologische Arbeitsmetoden 2 , Edited by: Mayr , A. , Bachmann , P. A. , Bibrack , B. and Wittmann , G. 457 – 534 . Jena : Gustav Fischer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Norheim , G. , Skaare , J. U. and Wiig , Ø. 1992 . Some heavy-metals, essential elements, and chlorinated hydrocarbons in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. . Environ. Pollut. , 77 : 51 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norstrom , R. J. , Simon , M. and Muir , D. C. G. 1990 . Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in marine mammals in the Canadian north. . Environ. Pollut. , 66 : 1 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norstrom , R. J. , Belikov , S. E. , Born , E. W. , Garner , G. W. , Malone , B. , Olpinski , S. , Ramsay , M. A. , Schliebe , S. , Stirling , I. , Stishov , M. S. , Taylor , M. K. and Wiig , Ø. 1998 . Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in polar bears from eastern Russia, North America, Greenland, and Svalbard: Biomonitoring of Arctic pollution. . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 35 : 354 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polischuk , S. C. , Norstrom , R. J. and Ramsay , M. A. 2002 . Body burdens and tissue concentrations of organochlorines in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) vary during seasonal fasts. . Environ. Pollut. , 118 : 29 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , P. S. , De Swart , R. L. , Reijnders , P. J. H. , Van Loveren , H. , Vos , J. G. and Osterhaus , A. D. M. E. 1995 . Contaminant-related suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody-responses in harbor seals fed herring from the Baltic Sea. . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 103 : 162 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , P. S. , De Swart , R. L. , Addison , R. , Van Loveren , H. , Vos , J. G. and Osterhaus , A. 1996a . Contaminant-induced immunotoxicity in harbour seals: Wildlife at risk? . Toxicology , 112 : 157 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , P. S. , De Swart , R. L. , Timmerman , H. H. , Reijnders , P. J. H. , Vos , J. G. , Van Loveren , H. and Osterhaus , A. D. M. E. 1996b . Suppression of natural killer cell activity in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) fed Baltic Sea herring. . Aquat. Toxicol. , 34 : 71 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , P. S. , Van Loveren , H. , de Swart , R. L. , vanderVliet , H. , deKlerk , A. , Timmerman , H. H. , vanBinnendijk , R. , Brouwer , A. , Vos , J. G. and Osterhaus , A. D. M. E. 1996c . Host resistance to rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) and immune function in adult PVG rats fed herring from the contaminated Baltic Sea . Arch. Toxicol. , 70 : 661 – 671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schielen , P. , Denbesten , C. , Vos , J. G. , Van Bladeren , P. J. , Seinen , W. and Bloksma , N. 1995 . Immune effects of hexachlorobenzene in the rat—Role of metabolism in a 13-week feeding study . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 131 : 37 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , S. S. and Wilk. , M. B. 1965 . An analysis of variance for normality. . Biometrika , 52 : 591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen , D. T. , Jen , L. W. and Gorham , J. R. 1982 . The detection of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis antibody in goats by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Proc. 3rd. Int. Conf. Goat Prod. Dis , : 445 – 448 . Tucson, AZ.
   Google Scholar
• Skaare , J. U. , Bernhoft , A. , Wiig , Ø. , Norum , K. R. , Haug , E. , Eide , D. M. and Derocher , A. E. 2001 . Relationships between plasma levels of organochlorines, retinol and thyroid hormones from polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 62 : 227 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling , I. , Spencer , C. and Andriashek , D. 1989 . Immobilization of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) with Telazol in the Canadian arctic. . J. Wildl. Dis. , 25 : 159 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. T. and Hinsdill , R. D. 1978 . Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on immune-responses of rhesus-monkeys and mice. . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 44 : 41 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troisi , G. M. , Haraguchi , K. , Kaydoo , D. S. , Nyman , M. , Aguilar , A. , Borrell , A. , Siebert , U. and Mason , C. F. 2001 . Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenylethane (DDE) methyl sulfones in tissues of seal and dolphin morbillivirus epizootic victims . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 62 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tryphonas , H. 1994 . Immunotoxicity of polychlorinated-biphenyls—Present status and future considerations. . Exp. Clin. Immunogenet , 11 : 149 – 162 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tryphonas , H. , Bondy , G. , Hodgen , M. , Coady , L. , Parenteau , M. C. , Armstrong , C. , Hayward , S. and Liston , V. 2003 . Effects of cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor and chlordane on the immune system of Sprague-Dawley rats following a 28-day oral (gavage) treatment . Food. Chem. Toxicol. , 41 : 107 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urasawa , T. , Urasawa , S. and Taniguchi , K. 1981 . Sequential passages of human rotaviruses in MA 104 cells . Microbiol. Immunol. , 25 : 1025 – 1035 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Loveren , H. , Van Amsterdam , J. G. , Vandebriel , R. J. , Kimman , T. G. , Rumke , H. C. , Steerenberg , P. S. and Vos , J. G. 2001 . Vaccine-induced antibody responses as parameters of the influence of endogenous and environmental factors . Environ. Health Perspect , 109 : 757 – 764 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos , J. G. and De Roij , T. 1972 . Immunosuppressive activity of a polychlorinated biphenyl preparation on humoral immune-response in guinea-pigs. . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 21 : 549 – 555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos , J. G. and Luster , M. I. 1989 . “ Immune alterations ” . In Halogenated biphenyls, terphenyls, naphthalenes, dibenzodioxins, and related products , 2nd , Edited by: Kimbrough , R. D. and Jensen , A. D. 295 – 322 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Vos , J. G. , van Logten , M. J. , Kreeftenberg , J. G. and Kruizinga , W. 1979 . Hexachlorobenzene-induced stimulation of the humoral immune response in rats . Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , 320 : 535 – 550 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weisglas-Kuperus , N. , Patandin , S. , Berbers , G. A. , Sas , T. C. , Mulder , P. G. , Sauer , P. J. and Hooijkaas , H. 2000 . Immunologic effects of background exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins in Dutch preschool children . Environ. Health Perspect , 108 : 1203 – 1207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar