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Journal of Loss and Trauma
International Perspectives on Stress & Coping
Volume 19, 2014 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

Time Perspective Therapy: A New Time-Based Metaphor Therapy for PTSD

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Pages 197-201 | Received 09 Dec 2012, Accepted 02 Jan 2013, Published online: 03 Mar 2014

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Read on this site (11)

Rafał Styła & Piotr Świtaj. (2023) Time perspective and self-stigma in schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Health 0:0, pages 1-9.
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Mikhail F. Borisenkov, Sergey V. Popov, Vasily V. Smirnov, Denis G. Gubin, Ivan M. Petrov, Tatyana N. Vasilkova, Svetlana V. Solovieva, Ekaterina A. Martinson, Anna A. Pechеrkina, Olga I. Dorogina & Elvira E. Symaniuk. (2022) Associations among sleep-wake rhythm characteristics, time perspective and psycho-emotional state during COVID-19 isolation. Biological Rhythm Research 53:11, pages 1770-1781.
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Rachel K. Carpenter, John C. Horton & Tracy Packiam Alloway. (2022) Time Perspective, Working Memory, and Depression in Non-Clinical Samples: Is There a Link?. The Journal of Psychology 156:6, pages 414-434.
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Patricia L. Tomich, Isabella S. DeMalio & Alexandra Tolich. (2022) Seek Balance: Deviation from Balance Mediates Trauma Exposure and Quality of Life. Journal of Loss and Trauma 27:5, pages 448-460.
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Alarith Uhde & Marc Hassenzahl. (2022) Time perspectives in technology-mediated reminiscing: effects of basic design decisions on subjective well-being. Human–Computer Interaction 37:2, pages 117-149.
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Julie Papastamatelou, Alexander Unger & Andreas Zachariadis. (2021) Time Perspectives and Proneness to PTSD Among Syrian Refugees in Greece. Journal of Loss and Trauma 26:4, pages 375-388.
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Jingjing Ge, Jingjing Yang, Jingjing Song, Guangyu Jiang & Yong Zheng. (2020) Dispositional Mindfulness and Past-Negative Time Perspective: The Differential Mediation Effects of Resilience and Inner Peace in Meditators and Non-Meditators. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 13, pages 397-405.
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Nasrin Alsadat Hosseini Ramaghani, Fateme Rezaei, Mohammad Ali Sepahvandi, Simin Gholamrezaei & Fazlolah Mirderikvand. (2019) The mediating role of the metacognition, time perspectives and experiential avoidance on the relationship between childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10:1.
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Sam Leonard, Jia Wei Zhang & Ryan Howell. (2019) SPENDING WELL: HOW TIME PERSPECTIVES IMPACT CONSUMER VALUES AND FINANCIAL DECISIONS AMONG MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS. Research in Human Development 16:2, pages 135-155.
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Hubert Suszek, Mirosław Kofta & Maciej Kopera. (2019) Returning to the present moment: Thinking about one’s childhood increases focus on the hedonistic present. The Journal of General Psychology 146:2, pages 170-199.
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Anna-Sara Blomgren, Kajsa Svahn, Elisabeth Åström & Michael Rönnlund. (2016) Coping Strategies in Late Adolescence: Relationships to Parental Attachment and Time Perspective. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 177:3, pages 85-96.
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Articles from other publishers (77)

Emma L. Grisham, Nickolas M. Jones, Roxane Cohen Silver & E. Alison Holman. (2022) Do Past Events Sow Future Fears? Temporal Disintegration, Distress, and Fear of the Future Following Collective Trauma. Clinical Psychological Science 11:6, pages 1064-1074.
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Fanni Rencz & Mathieu F. Janssen. (2023) Time perspective profile and self-reported health on the EQ-5D. Quality of Life Research.
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Małgorzata Sobol, Agata Blachnio & Katarzyna Pasternak. (2023) Time in a Virtual World: Facebook Intrusion, Time Perspective, and Contents of Facebook Narratives. SAGE Open 13:3.
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Takuya Sekiguchi, Hikaru Sugimoto, Seiki Tokunaga & Mihoko Otake-Matsuura. (2023) Time-orientations of older adults in group conversations and their association with memory functioning. Current Psychology.
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Agnieszka Sabiniewicz, Michał Stefańczyk, Małgorzata Sobol & Massimiliano Palmiero. (2023) Episodic Odor Recognition Memory Is Reflected in Narratives About the Earliest Memories in Older Adults. The American Journal of Psychology 136:1, pages 59-70.
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Agnieszka Adamczak, Włodzimierz Płotek, Aleksandra Głowińska, Małgorzata Sobol, Ewa Wysocka, Grzegorz Polak, Izabela Dymanowska-Dyjak, Julia Spaczyńska, Łukasz Adamczak & Beata Banaszewska. (2023) Time Perspective as a Mediator of Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Healthcare 11:7, pages 993.
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Liyang Zhou & Na Xu. (2023) Effects of COVID-19 event intensity on college students’ health lifestyles: time perspective mediating model and its gender difference. Current Psychology.
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Julia Wyszomirska & Monika Bąk-Sosnowska. (2023) Time Goes Back—Time Perspective in Polish Men with Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder and Risky Sexual Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20:6, pages 4954.
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Lachlan Kent, Barnaby Nelson & Georg Northoff. (2022) Can disorders of subjective time inform the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders? A transdiagnostic taxonomy of time. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 17:3, pages 231-243.
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Cornelia Măirean & Loredana R. Diaconu-Gherasim. (2021) Time perspective, risk perception on the road, and risky driving behavior. Current Psychology 42:7, pages 5611-5620.
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Tao Chen, Xiao-jing Qin, Ji-fang Cui, Ming-yuan Gan, Shu-ping Tan, Ya Wang & Muireann Irish. (2023) Balanced time perspective and its relationship with clinical and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Personality and Individual Differences 202, pages 112003.
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Xuyao Wu, Jing Li & Ye Li. (2022) The impact of uncertainty induced by the COVID-19 pandemic on intertemporal choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 103, pages 104397.
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Patricia L. Tomich, Alexandra Tolich & Isabella DeMalio. (2021) Strive for balance: Deviation from a balanced time perspective mediates the relationship between lifetime trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. Current Psychology 41:11, pages 8103-8111.
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Agata Trzcińska, Katarzyna Sekścińska & Dominika Maison. (2022) To spend or to save? The role of time perspective in the saving behavior of children. Young Consumers 23:4, pages 497-511.
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Hongxia Wang, Jingyu Geng, Ke Liu, Xinyi Wei, Jing Wang & Li Lei. (2021) Future Time Perspective and Self-Control Mediate the Links between Parental Autonomy Support and Adolescents’ Digital Citizenship Behavior. Youth & Society 54:6, pages 1077-1096.
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Giovanna Mioni, Nicola Cellini, Michela Romola & Francesco Bruno. (2022) The Association between Balanced Time Perspective, Personality Traits, Subjective Well-Being, and Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Timing & Time Perception, pages 1-24.
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Mónika Koós, Gábor Orosz, Zsolt Demetrovics & Beáta Bőthe. (2022) Present hedonism and future time perspectives predicting hypersexuality and problematic pornography use. Frontiers in Psychiatry 13.
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Mikhail F. Borisenkov, Sergey V. Popov, Vasily V. Smirnov, Denis G. Gubin, Ivan M. Petrov, Tatyana N. Vasilkova, Svetlana V. Solovieva, Ekaterina A. Martinson, Anna A. Pecherkina, Olga I. Dorogina & Elvira E. Symaniuk. (2022) Association between food addiction and time perspective during COVID-19 isolation. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 27:5, pages 1585-1591.
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Małgorzata Sobol & Marek Krzysztof Sobol. (2022) Parents’ Time Perspective as a Predictor of Child’s Postsurgical Pain, Emergence Delirium, and Parents’ Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms after Child’s Surgery. Children 9:4, pages 539.
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Federica Andreis, Mara Mirandola, Anna Chiara Wedenissow, Mariana Runcan, Clelia Malighetti, Fausto Meriggi & Alberto Zaniboni. (2022) Dignity and time perspective: A pilot explorative study in cancer patients. Palliative and Supportive Care, pages 1-6.
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Eszter Simon, András N. Zsidó, Béla Birkás, Boróka Gács & Árpád Csathó. (2022) Negative time perspective predicts the self-perceived affective and physical components of pain independently from depression, anxiety, and early life circumstances. Acta Psychologica 224, pages 103536.
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Amir Mirzania, Manijeh Firoozi & Ali Saberi. (2022) The Efficacy of Time Perspective Therapy in Reducing Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Females with Breast Cancer. International Journal of Cancer Management 14:12.
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Vincent Wagner, Jorge Flores-Aranda, Ana Cecilia Villela Guilhon, Shane Knight & Karine Bertrand. (2021) How do Past, Present and Future Weigh into Trajectories of Precarity? The Time Perspectives of Young Psychoactive Substance Users Living in Situations of Social Precarity in Montreal. Qualitative Health Research 32:2, pages 195-209.
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Katarzyna Wojtkowska, Maciej Stolarski & Gerald Matthews. (2019) Time for work: Analyzing the role of time perspectives in work attitudes and behaviors. Current Psychology 40:12, pages 5972-5983.
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Lauren A. Sparks, Christopher J. Trentacosta, Megan R. Hicks, Poco Kernsmith & Joanne Smith-Darden. (2021) Hope as a Protective Factor: Relations to Adverse Childhood Experiences, Delinquency, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies 30:12, pages 3005-3015.
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Hayoung Jung, DongHun Lee & Deokhee Lee. (2021) Longitudinal transitions in patterns of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychological distress among South Korean adults with traumatic experiences. Stress and Health 37:5, pages 871-886.
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Umit Akirmak & Pinar Ayla. (2021) How is time perspective related to burnout and job satisfaction? A conservation of resources perspective. Personality and Individual Differences 181, pages 109667.
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Anna Mooney, Cindy E. Tsotsoros, Joanne K. Earl, Douglas A. Hershey & Carl H. Mooney. (2021) Enhancing Planning Behavior during Retirement: Effects of a Time Perspective Based Training Intervention. Social Sciences 10:8, pages 306.
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Tao Chen, Lu-lu Liu, Ji-fang Cui, Xiao-jing Qin, Hai-song Shi, Muireann Irish & Ya Wang. (2020) Balanced Time Perspective and Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of “Temporal Negative Affect”. Journal of Happiness Studies 22:6, pages 2563-2574.
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Anna Pyszkowska & Michael Rönnlund. (2021) Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion as Predictors of Well-Being: Mediating Role of a Balanced Time Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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Yingying Wang, Xiwen Hu, Jinfang Han, Andrea Scalabrini, Yuting Hu, Zhiguo Hu, Zhonglin Tan, Jianfeng Zhang & Georg Northoff. (2021) Time is of essence - Abnormal time perspectives mediate the impact of childhood trauma on depression severity. Journal of Psychiatric Research 137, pages 534-541.
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Umit Akirmak. (2019) The validity and reliability of the Zimbardo time perspective inventory in a Turkish sample. Current Psychology 40:5, pages 2327-2340.
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Patricia L. Tomich & Alexandra Tolich. (2019) Life is a balancing act: Deviation from a balanced time perspective mediates the relationship between lifetime trauma exposure and optimism. Current Psychology 40:5, pages 2472-2480.
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Guadalupe Germano & María Elena Brenlla. (2021) Effects of time perspective and self-control on psychological distress: A cross-sectional study in an Argentinian sample. Personality and Individual Differences 171, pages 110512.
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Cristián Oyanadel, Héctor Carrasco-Correa, Javier Latorre-Nanjarí, Wenceslao Peñate-Castro & Camilo Sepúlveda-Queipul. (2021) Reduciendo la ideación suicida en adolescentes con terapia de perspectiva temporal. Un estudio experimental. Acta Colombiana de Psicología 24:1, pages 63-71.
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Katarzyna Sekścińska, Joanna Rudzinska-Wojciechowska & Dominika Maison. (2018) Risky financial choices in a gain and loss decision frame – the role of chronic and situationally induced time perspectives. Current Psychology 40:2, pages 853-863.
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Silvana Miceli, Maurizio Cardaci, Fabrizio Scrima & Barbara Caci. (2021) Time perspective and Facebook addiction: The moderating role of neuroticism. Current Psychology.
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Olaf Morgenroth, Michael Keck & Marvin Gensicke. (2021) Time will tell: Time perspective as a source for metacognitive emotion-focused coping and its measurement. Personality and Individual Differences 168, pages 110367.
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Aneta Przepiorka & Malgorzata Sobol-Kwapinska. (2020) People with Positive Time Perspective are More Grateful and Happier: Gratitude Mediates the Relationship Between Time Perspective and Life Satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies 22:1, pages 113-126.
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Michael T. McKay & Jon C. Cole. (2020) The relationship between balanced and negative time perspectives, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Psychiatry Research 293, pages 113383.
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Mohammad Ashori & Alireza Arabi. (2020) The Effect of Time Perspective Program on the Perceived Social Support in Mothers of Children with Hearing Impairment. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health 7:2, pages 229-240.
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Vincent Wagner. (2020) Profils et évolutions à six mois des patients d’un centre de soins ambulatoires en addictologie. Comprendre le changement : une histoire de trajectoire(s) et de temps. Bulletin de psychologie Numéro 567-568:3, pages 209-212.
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Bozena Burzynska & Maciej Stolarski. (2020) Rethinking the Relationships Between Time Perspectives and Well-Being: Four Hypothetical Models Conceptualizing the Dynamic Interplay Between Temporal Framing and Mechanisms Boosting Mental Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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Maciej Stolarski, Marcin Zajenkowski, Konrad S. Jankowski & Kinga Szymaniak. (2020) Deviation from the balanced time perspective: A systematic review of empirical relationships with psychological variables. Personality and Individual Differences 156, pages 109772.
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Olivier Bourdon, Catherine Raymond, Marie-France Marin, Lening Olivera-Figueroa, Sonia J. Lupien & Robert-Paul Juster. (2020) A time to be chronically stressed? Maladaptive time perspectives are associated with allostatic load. Biological Psychology 152, pages 107871.
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Aneta Przepiorka, Nicolson Yat-fan Siu, Małgorzata Szcześniak, Celina Timoszyk-Tomczak, Jacqueline Jiaying Le & Mónica Pino Muñoz. (2019) The Relation Between Personality, Time Perspective and Positive Orientation in Chile, Hong Kong, and Poland. Journal of Happiness Studies 21:3, pages 1081-1101.
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Yiqun Gan, Yidi Chen, Xiao Han, Nancy Xiaonan Yu & Li Wang. (2019) Neuropeptide Y Gene × Environment Interaction Predicts Resilience and Positive Future Focus. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 11:3, pages 438-458.
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Michael Rönnlund, Antonina Koudriavtseva, Linnea Germundsjö, Terese Eriksson, Elisabeth Åström & Maria Grazia Carelli. (2019) Mindfulness Promotes a More Balanced Time Perspective: Correlational and Intervention-Based Evidence. Mindfulness 10:8, pages 1579-1591.
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M. Malekiha & B. Moradi. (2019) Effectiveness of Time Perspective Therapy on Increasing Psychological Well-Being and Happiness in Veterans with PTSD. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health 11:3, pages 153-159.
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Umit Akirmak, Nursen Tuncer, Meliscan Akdogan & Orhan Batuhan Erkat. (2019) The associations of basic psychological needs and autonomous-related self with time perspective: The cultural and familial antecedents of balanced time perspective. Personality and Individual Differences 139, pages 90-95.
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Héline Kaya Lefèvre, Christine Mirabel-Sarron, Aurélie Docteur, Virginie Leclerc, Alexandra Laszcz, Philip Gorwood & Catherine Bungener. (2019) Time perspective differences between depressed patients and non-depressed participants, and their relationships with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders 246, pages 320-326.
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Hod Orkibi & Tammie Ronen. (2018) A Dual-Pathway Model Linking Self-Control Skills to Aggression in Adolescents: Happiness and Time Perspective as Mediators. Journal of Happiness Studies 20:3, pages 729-742.
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Jingjing Ge, Jun Wu, Kesheng Li & Yong Zheng. (2019) Self-Compassion and Subjective Well-Being Mediate the Impact of Mindfulness on Balanced Time Perspective in Chinese College Students. Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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Harriet M Baird, Thomas L Webb, Jilly Martin & Fuschia M Sirois. (2019) The Relationship Between a Balanced Time Perspective and Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose Among People With Type 1 Diabetes. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 53:2, pages 196-209.
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Huimin Wu, Renhui Zhou, Le Zhao, Junjie Qiu & Cheng Guo. (2019) Neural bases underlying the association between balanced time perspective and trait anxiety. Behavioural Brain Research 359, pages 206-214.
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Aneta Przepiorka & Malgorzata Sobol-Kwapinska. (2018) Religiosity moderates the relationship between time perspective and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences 134, pages 261-267.
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Vincent Wagner, Didier Acier & Jean‐Eric Dietlin. (2018) Mediation of time perspectives on inclinations to use alcohol and motivation to change relationship. Journal of Clinical Psychology 74:10, pages 1854-1866.
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Patricia J. Place, Shichun Ling & Lawrence Patihis. (2018) Full statistical mediation of the relationship between trauma and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Psychology 53:2, pages 142-149.
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Katarzyna Sekścińska, Joanna Rudzinska-Wojciechowska & Dominika Maison. (2018) Individual differences in time perspectives and risky financial choices. Personality and Individual Differences 120, pages 118-126.
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Yiqun Gan, Miao Miao, Lei Zheng & Haihua Liu. (2017) Temporal Doppler Effect and Future Orientation: Adaptive Function and Moderating Conditions. Journal of Personality 85:3, pages 313-325.
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Anna Muro, Albert Feliu-Soler, Judit Castellà, Josep Deví & Joaquim Soler. (2016) Does Time Perspective Predict Life Satisfaction? A Study Including Mindfulness as a Measure of Time Experience in a Sample of Catalan Students. Mindfulness 8:3, pages 655-663.
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Blaze Aylmer. 2017. Time Perspective. Time Perspective 305 338 .
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Maciej Stolarski, Marcin Zajenkowski & Anna Zajenkowska. (2016) Aggressive? from Time to Time… Uncovering the Complex Associations between Time Perspectives and Aggression. Current Psychology 35:4, pages 506-515.
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Maciej Stolarski & Maria Cyniak-Cieciura. (2016) Balanced and less traumatized: Balanced time perspective mediates the relationship between temperament and severity of PTSD syndrome in motor vehicle accident survivor sample. Personality and Individual Differences 101, pages 456-461.
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Maciej Stolarski. (2016) Not restricted by their personality: Balanced Time Perspective moderates well-established relationships between personality traits and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences 100, pages 140-144.
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Hod Orkibi & Efrat Dafner. (2015) Exposure to Risk Factors and the Subjective Wellbeing of Adolescents: the Mediating Role of Time Perspective. Child Indicators Research 9:3, pages 663-682.
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Jaroslav Košťál, Martina Klicperová-Baker, Kateřina Lukavská & Jiří Lukavský. (2015) Short version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI–short) with and without the Future-Negative scale, verified on nationally representative samples. Time & Society 25:2, pages 169-192.
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Maciej Stolarski, Jonte Vowinckel, Konrad S. Jankowski & Marcin Zajenkowski. (2016) Mind the balance, be contented: Balanced time perspective mediates the relationship between mindfulness and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences 93, pages 27-31.
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Hanoch Livneh. (2015) Quality of Life and Coping With Chronic Illness and Disability. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 59:2, pages 67-83.
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Lening A. Olivera-Figueroa, Robert-Paul Juster, Julie Katia Morin-Major, Marie-France Marin & Sonia J. Lupien. (2015) A time to be stressed? Time perspectives and cortisol dynamics among healthy adults. Biological Psychology 111, pages 90-99.
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Hod Orkibi. (2014) Psychometric Properties of the Hebrew Short Version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Evaluation & the Health Professions 38:2, pages 219-245.
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Maciej Stolarski, Gerald Matthews, Sławomir Postek, Philip G. Zimbardo & Joanna Bitner. (2013) How We Feel is a Matter of Time: Relationships Between Time Perspectives and Mood. Journal of Happiness Studies 15:4, pages 809-827.
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