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Original Articles

WHIPS (Volvo Cars' Whiplash Protection System)—The Development and Real-World Performance

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Pages 600-605 | Received 28 May 2008, Accepted 28 Aug 2008, Published online: 04 Dec 2008

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (3)

Daniel W. H. Mang, Gunter P. Siegmund & Jean-Sébastien Blouin. (2020) A comparison of anti-whiplash seats during low/moderate speed rear-end collisions. Traffic Injury Prevention 21:3, pages 195-200.
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Jason B. Fice, Jean-Sébastien Blouin & Gunter P. Siegmund. (2018) Head postures during naturalistic driving. Traffic Injury Prevention 19:6, pages 637-643.
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Ming Xiao & PaulC. Ivancic. (2010) WHIPS Seat and Occupant Motions During Simulated Rear Crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 11:5, pages 514-521.
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Articles from other publishers (34)

Samet Yavuz & Selcuk Himmetoglu. (2023) Development of a Restraint System for Rear-Facing Car Seats. Machines 11:12, pages 1076.
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Chenwei Gu, Jinliang Xu, Shuqi Li, Chao Gao & Yongji Ma. (2023) Injury Risk Assessment and Interpretation for Roadway Crashes Based on Pre-Crash Indicators and Machine Learning Methods. Applied Sciences 13:12, pages 6983.
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Fabian Kempter, Lorena Lantella, Norman Stutzig, Jörg Fehr & Tobias Siebert. (2022) Role of Rotated Head Postures on Volunteer Kinematics and Muscle Activity in Braking Scenarios Performed on a Driving Simulator. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 51:4, pages 771-782.
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Cong Wang, Zhenpo Wang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Jizheng Liu, Wenbo Li, Yang Wu, Xiaoyu Li, Huilong Yu & Dongpu Cao. (2023) Integrated Post-Impact Planning and Active Safety Control for Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles 8:3, pages 2062-2076.
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Ping Xu, Xianliang Xiao & Shuguang Yao. (2021) A review of train passenger safety—Inspiration from passive safety passenger protection technology of automobile. Transportation Safety and Environment 4:1.
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Xu Peisen. (2020) Collision Warning and Avoidance System. Collision Warning and Avoidance System.
Ang Ji & David Levinson. (2020) An energy loss-based vehicular injury severity model. Accident Analysis & Prevention 146, pages 105730.
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Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Duane S. Cronin, Barclay Morrison III, Markus H. Muser & Felix WalzKai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Duane S. Cronin, Barclay Morrison III, Markus H. Muser & Felix Walz. 2020. Trauma-Biomechanik. Trauma-Biomechanik 135 178 .
Fan Li, Nian-song Liu, Hong-geng Li, Biao Zhang, Shi-wei Tian, Ming-gang Tan & Baptiste Sandoz. (2019) A review of neck injury and protection in vehicle accidents. Transportation Safety and Environment 1:2, pages 89-105.
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John M. Scanlon, Jessica Isaacs & Christina Garman. Head and Neck Loading Conditions over a Decade of IIHS Rear Impact Seat Testing. Head and Neck Loading Conditions over a Decade of IIHS Rear Impact Seat Testing.
Anton Filatov, John M. Scanlon, Alexander Bruno, Sri Sai Kameshwari Danthurthi & Jacob Fisher. Effects of Innovation in Automated Vehicles on Occupant Compartment Designs, Evaluation, and Safety: A Review of Public Marketing, Literature, and Standards. Effects of Innovation in Automated Vehicles on Occupant Compartment Designs, Evaluation, and Safety: A Review of Public Marketing, Literature, and Standards.
Rajiv N. Rimal, Hagere Yilma, Nargis Ryskulova & Sarah Geber. (2019) Driven to succeed: Improving adolescents’ driving behaviors through a personal narrative-based psychosocial intervention in Serbia. Accident Analysis & Prevention 122, pages 172-180.
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Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Duane S. Cronin, Barclay Morrison III, Markus H. Muser & Felix WalzKai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Duane S. Cronin, Barclay Morrison III, Markus H. Muser & Felix Walz. 2019. Trauma Biomechanics. Trauma Biomechanics 117 155 .
Albert I. KingAlbert I. King. 2018. The Biomechanics of Impact Injury. The Biomechanics of Impact Injury 243 279 .
Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Duane S. Cronin, Markus H. Muser & Felix WalzKai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Duane S. Cronin, Markus H. Muser & Felix Walz. 2014. Trauma-Biomechanik. Trauma-Biomechanik 91 131 .
Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Duane S. Cronin, Markus H. Muser & Felix WalzKai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Duane S. Cronin, Markus H. Muser & Felix Walz. 2014. Trauma-Biomechanik. Trauma-Biomechanik 91 131 .
Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Duane S. Cronin, Markus H. Muser & Felix WalzKai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Duane S. Cronin, Markus H. Muser & Felix Walz. 2014. Trauma Biomechanics. Trauma Biomechanics 81 118 .
Olle B. Bunketorp & Lena K. Elisson. (2012) Cervical status after neck sprains in frontal and rear-end car impacts. Injury 43:4, pages 423-430.
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Gwendolen A. Jull, Anne Söderlund, Brian D. Stemper, Justin Kenardy, Anita R. Gross, Pierre Côté, Julia Treleaven, Nikolai Bogduk, Michele Sterling & Michele Curatolo. (2011) Toward Optimal Early Management After Whiplash Injury to Lessen the Rate of Transition to Chronicity. Spine 36, pages S335-S342.
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Paul C. Ivancic. (2011) Does Knowledge of Seat Design and Whiplash Injury Mechanisms Translate to Understanding Outcomes?. Spine 36, pages S187-S193.
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Brian D. Stemper, Frank A. Pintar & Raj D. Rao. (2011) The Influence of Morphology on Cervical Injury Characteristics. Spine 36, pages S180-S186.
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Gunter P. Siegmund. (2011) What Occupant Kinematics and Neuromuscular Responses Tell Us About Whiplash Injury. Spine 36, pages S175-S179.
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Paul C. Ivancic. (2011) Facet Joint and Disc Kinematics During Simulated Rear Crashes With Active Injury Prevention Systems. Spine 36:18, pages E1215-E1224.
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Paul C. Ivancic & Ming Xiao. (2011) Understanding whiplash injury and prevention mechanisms using a human model of the neck. Accident Analysis & Prevention 43:4, pages 1392-1399.
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S Himmetoglu, M Acar, K Bouazza-Marouf & A J Taylor. (2011) Car seat design to improve rear-impact protection. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 225:4, pages 441-459.
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Steven G. Storvik & Brian D. Stemper. (2010) Axial head rotation increases facet joint capsular ligament strains in automotive rear impact. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 49:2, pages 153-161.
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Lena Holm. 2011. Whiplash. Whiplash 1 8 .
Paul C. Ivancic, Daohang Sha, Brandon D. Lawrence & Fred Mo. (2010) Effect of Active Head Restraint on Residual Neck Instability due to Rear Impact. Spine 35:23, pages 2071-2078.
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Karoline L. H. Vangronsveld. (2010) Per ongeluk: de preventie van chronische nekklachten na een auto-ongeval. Psychologie en Gezondheid 38:2, pages 76-84.
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Marc White & John P. Holland. (2010) Approaching Neck Pain From in a Multidisciplinary Perspective: A Comprehensive Approach to an Important Public Health and Societal Issue. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 52:4, pages 421-423.
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Paul C. Ivancic & Daohang Sha. (2010) Comparison of the whiplash injury criteria. Accident Analysis & Prevention 42:1, pages 56-63.
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Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Markus H. Muser & Felix WalzKai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Markus H. Muser & Felix Walz. 2010. Trauma-Biomechanik. Trauma-Biomechanik 105 156 .
Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Markus H. Muser & Felix WalzKai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Markus H. Muser & Felix Walz. 2010. Trauma Biomechanics. Trauma Biomechanics 95 142 .
Paul C. Ivancic, Daohang Sha & Manohar M. Panjabi. (2009) Whiplash injury prevention with active head restraint. Clinical Biomechanics 24:9, pages 699-707.
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