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Original Articles

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Model for Legionnaires' Disease: Assessment of Human Exposures for Selected Spa Outbreaks

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Pages 634-646 | Published online: 30 Oct 2007

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Read on this site (7)

Kerry A. Hamilton, Aditya Kuppravalli, Ashley Heida, Sayalee Joshi, Charles N. Haas, Marc Verhougstraete & Daniel Gerrity. (2021) Legionnaires’ disease in dental offices: Quantifying aerosol risks to dental workers and patients. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18:8, pages 378-393.
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Spéro Franck Abattan, Jérôme Lavoué, Stéphane Hallé, Ali Bahloul, Daniel Drolet & Maximilien Debia. (2021) Modeling occupational exposure to solvent vapors using the Two-Zone (near-field/far-field) model: a literature review. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18:2, pages 51-64.
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Ekaterina Mirskaya & Igor E. Agranovski. (2018) Sources and mechanisms of bioaerosol generation in occupational environments. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 44:6, pages 739-758.
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Susan F. Arnold, Yuan Shao & Gurumurthy Ramachandran. (2017) Evaluation of the well mixed room and near-field far-field models in occupational settings. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 14:9, pages 694-702.
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MichaelA. Jayjock, Thomas Armstrong & Michael Taylor. (2011) The Daubert Standard as Applied to Exposure Assessment Modeling Using the Two-Zone (NF/FF) Model Estimation of Indoor Air Breathing Zone Concentration as an Example. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 8:11, pages D114-D122.
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Ellen P. Donovan, Brooke L. Donovan, Jennifer Sahmel, Paul K. Scott & Dennis J. Paustenbach. (2011) Evaluation of bystander exposures to asbestos in occupational settings: A review of the literature and application of a simple eddy diffusion model. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 41:1, pages 50-72.
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Nicole Zacharias, Felix Waßer, Lia Freier, Kirsten Spies, Christoph Koch, Stefan Pleischl, Nico T. Mutters & Thomas Kistemann. (2023) Legionella in drinking water: the detection method matters. Journal of Water and Health 21:7, pages 884-894.
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Frances F. Graham, Alice Hyun Min Kim, Michael G. Baker, Caroline Fyfe & Simon Hales. (2023) Associations between meteorological factors, air pollution and Legionnaires’ disease in New Zealand: Time series analysis. Atmospheric Environment 296, pages 119572.
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Ioanna P. Chatziprodromidou, Ilektra Savoglidou, Venia Stavrou, George Vantarakis & Apostolos Vantarakis. (2022) Surveillance of Legionella spp. in Open Fountains: Does It Pose a Risk?. Microorganisms 10:12, pages 2458.
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Majid Kermani, Zahra Chegini, Shiva Mirkalantari & Samira Norzaee. (2022) Assessment of the risk of Legionella pneumophila in water distribution systems in hospitals of Tehran city. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 194:11.
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Xingwang Zhao, Sumei Liu, Yonggao Yin, Tengfei (Tim) Zhang & Qingyan Chen. (2022) Airborne transmission of COVID‐19 virus in enclosed spaces: An overview of research methods. Indoor Air 32:6.
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Séverine Allegra, Serge Riffard, Lara Leclerc, Françoise Girardot, Magalie Stauffert, Valérie Forest & Jérémie Pourchez. (2020) A valuable experimental setup to model exposure to Legionella’s aerosols generated by shower-like systems. Water Research 172, pages 115496.
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Susan Arnold, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, Hannah Kaup & Joseph Servadio. (2019) Estimating the time-varying generation rate of acetic acid from an all-purpose floor cleaner. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 30:2, pages 374-382.
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Md Rasheduzzaman, Rajveer Singh, Charles Haas, Dienye Tolofari, Hamed Yassaghi, Kerry Hamilton, Zhao Yang & Patrick Gurian. (2019) Reverse QMRA as a Decision Support Tool: Setting Acceptable Concentration Limits for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Naegleria fowleri. Water 11:9, pages 1850.
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Ileana Federigi, Marco Verani, Gabriele Donzelli, Lorenzo Cioni & Annalaura Carducci. (2019) The application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to natural recreational waters: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 144, pages 334-350.
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Y. Sharaby, S. Rodríguez-Martínez, M.G. Höfle, I. Brettar & M. Halpern. (2019) Quantitative microbial risk assessment of Legionella pneumophila in a drinking water supply system in Israel. Science of The Total Environment 671, pages 404-410.
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Kerry A. Hamilton, Mark T. Hamilton, William Johnson, Patrick Jjemba, Zia Bukhari, Mark LeChevallier, Charles N. Haas & P. L. Gurian. (2019) Risk-Based Critical Concentrations of Legionella pneumophila for Indoor Residential Water Uses . Environmental Science & Technology 53:8, pages 4528-4541.
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Mohamed Shaheen & Nicholas J. Ashbolt. (2017) Free-Living Amoebae Supporting Intracellular Growth May Produce Vesicle-Bound Respirable Doses of Legionella Within Drinking Water Systems. Exposure and Health 10:3, pages 201-209.
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Richard Bentham & Harriet Whiley. (2018) Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment and Opportunist Waterborne Infections–Are There Too Many Gaps to Fill?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15:6, pages 1150.
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Kerry A. Hamilton, Mark T. Hamilton, William Johnson, Patrick Jjemba, Zia Bukhari, Mark LeChevallier & Charles N. Haas. (2018) Health risks from exposure to Legionella in reclaimed water aerosols: Toilet flushing, spray irrigation, and cooling towers. Water Research 134, pages 261-279.
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Sophie Perinel, Valérie Forest, Mathilde Landraud, Jérémie Pourchez, Françoise Girardot, Serge Riffard, Magalie Stauffert, Jean-Michel Vergnon & Séverine Allegra. (2018) Deposition pattern of aerosolized Legionella using an ex vivo human-porcine respiratory model. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 221:2, pages 252-259.
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Sandip Chattopadhyay, Sarah D. Perkins, Matthew Shaw & Tonya L. Nichols. (2017) Evaluation of exposure to Brevundimonas diminuta and Pseudomonas aeruginosa during showering. Journal of Aerosol Science 114, pages 77-93.
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Marina Blanky, Yehonatan Sharaby, Sara Rodríguez-Martínez, Malka Halpern & Eran Friedler. (2017) Greywater reuse - Assessment of the health risk induced by Legionella pneumophila. Water Research 125, pages 410-417.
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Jérémie Pourchez, Lara Leclerc, Françoise Girardot, Serge Riffard, Nathalie Prevot & Séverine Allegra. (2017) Experimental human-like model to assess the part of viable Legionella reaching the thoracic region after nebulization. PLOS ONE 12:10, pages e0186042.
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Kerry A. Hamilton, Warish Ahmed, Andrew Palmer, Kylie Smith, Simon Toze & Charles N. Haas. (2017) Seasonal Assessment of Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens in Roof-Harvested Rainwater Tanks. Environmental Science & Technology 51:3, pages 1742-1753.
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Kerry A. Hamilton, Mark H. Weir & Charles N. Haas. (2017) Dose response models and a quantitative microbial risk assessment framework for the Mycobacterium avium complex that account for recent developments in molecular biology, taxonomy, and epidemiology. Water Research 109, pages 310-326.
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Harriet Whiley. (2016) Legionella Risk Management and Control in Potable Water Systems: Argument for the Abolishment of Routine Testing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14:1, pages 12.
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Séverine Allegra, Lara Leclerc, Pierre André Massard, Françoise Girardot, Serge Riffard & Jérémie Pourchez. (2016) Characterization of aerosols containing Legionella generated upon nebulization. Scientific Reports 6:1.
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K. A. Hamilton & C. N. Haas. (2016) Critical review of mathematical approaches for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Legionella in engineered water systems: research gaps and a new framework. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2:4, pages 599-613.
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Ginny Moore, Matthew Hewitt, David Stevenson, Jimmy T. Walker & Allan M. Bennett. (2015) Aerosolization of Respirable Droplets from a Domestic Spa Pool and the Use of MS-2 Coliphage and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as Markers for Legionella pneumophila. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81:2, pages 555-561.
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Gabriel Bitton. 2014. Microbiology of Drinking Water. Microbiology of Drinking Water 217 287 .
Stephanie A. Hines, Daniel J. Chappie, Robert A. Lordo, Brian D. Miller, Robert J. Janke, H. Alan Lindquist, Kim R. Fox, Hiba S. Ernst & Sarah C. Taft. (2014) Assessment of relative potential for Legionella species or surrogates inhalation exposure from common water uses. Water Research 56, pages 203-213.
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W. Ahmed, H. Brandes, P. Gyawali, J.P.S. Sidhu & S. Toze. (2014) Opportunistic pathogens in roof-captured rainwater samples, determined using quantitative PCR. Water Research 53, pages 361-369.
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Sandra M. Walser, Doris G. Gerstner, Bernhard Brenner, Christiane Höller, Bernhard Liebl & Caroline E.W. Herr. (2014) Assessing the environmental health relevance of cooling towers – A systematic review of legionellosis outbreaks. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 217:2-3, pages 145-154.
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Martijn Bouwknegt, Jack F. Schijven, Johanna A.C. Schalk & Ana Maria de Roda Husman. (2013) Quantitative Risk Estimation for a Legionella pneumophila Infection Due to Whirlpool Use . Risk Analysis 33:7, pages 1228-1236.
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Kenichi Azuma, Iwao Uchiyama & Jiro Okumura. (2013) Assessing the risk of Legionnaires’ disease: The inhalation exposure model and the estimated risk in residential bathrooms. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 65:1, pages 1-6.
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Helen Y. Buse, Mary E. Schoen & Nicholas J. Ashbolt. (2012) Legionellae in engineered systems and use of quantitative microbial risk assessment to predict exposure. Water Research 46:4, pages 921-933.
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Janet Martha Blatny, Jim Ho, Gunnar Skogan, Else Marie Fykse, Tone Aarskaug & Viggo Waagen. (2010) Airborne Legionella bacteria from pulp waste treatment plant: aerosol particles characterized as aggregates and their potential hazard. Aerobiologia 27:2, pages 147-162.
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Jaran Strand Olsen, Tone Aarskaug, Ingjerd Thrane, Christine Pourcel, Eirik Ask, Gisle Johansen, Viggo Waagen & Janet Martha Blatny. (2010) Alternative Routes for Dissemination of Legionella pneumophila Causing Three Outbreaks in Norway . Environmental Science & Technology 44:22, pages 8712-8717.
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Patrick K. Jjemba, Lauren A. Weinrich, Wei Cheng, Eugenio Giraldo & Mark W. LeChevallier. (2010) Regrowth of Potential Opportunistic Pathogens and Algae in Reclaimed-Water Distribution Systems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76:13, pages 4169-4178.
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G. N. Sze To & C. Y. H. Chao. (2010) Review and comparison between the WellsâRiley and dose-response approaches to risk assessment of infectious respiratory diseases. Indoor Air 20:1, pages 2-16.
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Catherine J. Noakes & P. Andrew Sleigh. (2009) Mathematical models for assessing the role of airflow on the risk of airborne infection in hospital wards. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6:suppl_6.
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Jennifer Sahmel, Ken Unice, Paul Scott, Dallas Cowan & Dennis Paustenbach. (2009) The Use of Multizone Models to Estimate an Airborne Chemical Contaminant Generation and Decay Profile: Occupational Exposures of Hairdressers to Vinyl Chloride in Hairspray During the 1960s and 1970s. Risk Analysis 29:12, pages 1699-1725.
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Janet Martha Blatny, Bjørn Anders P. Reif, Gunnar Skogan, Oyvind Andreassen, E. Arne Høiby, Eirik Ask, Viggo Waagen, Dag Aanonsen, Ingeborg S. Aaberge & Dominique A. Caugant. (2008) Tracking Airborne Legionella and Legionella pneumophila at a Biological Treatment Plant . Environmental Science & Technology 42:19, pages 7360-7367.
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T. W. Armstrong & C. N. Haas. (2007) A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Model for Legionnaires' Disease: Animal Model Selection and Dose-Response Modeling. Risk Analysis 27:6, pages 1581-1596.
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