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Review Article

Prepubertal social gender transitions: What we know; what we can learn—A view from a gender affirmative lens

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Read on this site (14)

Cal Horton. (2023) “It felt like they were trying to destabilise us”: Parent assessment in UK children’s gender services. International Journal of Transgender Health 24:1, pages 70-85.
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E. Coleman, A. E. Radix, W. P. Bouman, G. R. Brown, A. L. C. de Vries, M. B. Deutsch, R. Ettner, L. Fraser, M. Goodman, J. Green, A. B. Hancock, T. W. Johnson, D. H. Karasic, G. A. Knudson, S. F. Leibowitz, H. F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg, S. J. Monstrey, J. Motmans, L. Nahata, T. O. Nieder, S. L. Reisner, C. Richards, L. S. Schechter, V. Tangpricha, A. C. Tishelman, M. A. A. Van Trotsenburg, S. Winter, K. Ducheny, N. J. Adams, T. M. Adrián, L. R. Allen, D. Azul, H. Bagga, K. Başar, D. S. Bathory, J. J. Belinky, D. R. Berg, J. U. Berli, R. O. Bluebond-Langner, M.-B. Bouman, M. L. Bowers, P. J. Brassard, J. Byrne, L. Capitán, C. J. Cargill, J. M. Carswell, S. C. Chang, G. Chelvakumar, T. Corneil, K. B. Dalke, G. De Cuypere, E. de Vries, M. Den Heijer, A. H. Devor, C. Dhejne, A. D’Marco, E. K. Edmiston, L. Edwards-Leeper, R. Ehrbar, D. Ehrensaft, J. Eisfeld, E. Elaut, L. Erickson-Schroth, J. L. Feldman, A. D. Fisher, M. M. Garcia, L. Gijs, S. E. Green, B. P. Hall, T. L. D. Hardy, M. S. Irwig, L. A. Jacobs, A. C. Janssen, K. Johnson, D. T. Klink, B. P. C. Kreukels, L. E. Kuper, E. J. Kvach, M. A. Malouf, R. Massey, T. Mazur, C. McLachlan, S. D. Morrison, S. W. Mosser, P. M. Neira, U. Nygren, J. M. Oates, J. Obedin-Maliver, G. Pagkalos, J. Patton, N. Phanuphak, K. Rachlin, T. Reed, G. N. Rider, J. Ristori, S. Robbins-Cherry, S. A. Roberts, K. A. Rodriguez-Wallberg, S. M. Rosenthal, K. Sabir, J. D. Safer, A. I. Scheim, L. J. Seal, T. J. Sehoole, K. Spencer, C. St. Amand, T. D. Steensma, J. F. Strang, G. B. Taylor, K. Tilleman, G. G. T’Sjoen, L. N. Vala, N. M. Van Mello, J. F. Veale, J. A. Vencill, B. Vincent, L. M. Wesp, M. A. West & J. Arcelus. (2022) Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. International Journal of Transgender Health 23:sup1, pages S1-S259.
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Cal Horton. (2022) “I Was Losing That Sense of Her Being Happy”—Trans Children and Delaying Social Transition. LGBTQ+ Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal 18:2, pages 187-203.
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Carrie Paechter, Alex Toft & Anna Carlile. (2021) Non-binary young people and schools: pedagogical insights from a small-scale interview study. Pedagogy, Culture & Society 29:5, pages 695-713.
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Carrie Paechter. (2021) Implications for gender and education research arising out of changing ideas about gender. Gender and Education 33:5, pages 610-624.
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Annie Pullen Sansfaçon, Denise Medico, Frank Suerich-Gulick & Julia Temple Newhook. (2020) “I knew that I wasn’t cis, I knew that, but I didn’t know exactly”: Gender identity development, expression and affirmation in youth who access gender affirming medical care. International Journal of Transgender Health 21:3, pages 307-320.
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Van Slothouber. (2020) (De)trans visibility: moral panic in mainstream media reports on de/retransition. European Journal of English Studies 24:1, pages 89-99.
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Beth A. Clark, Alice Virani, Diane Ehrensaft & Johanna Olson-Kennedy. (2019) Resisting the Post-Truth Era: Maintaining a Commitment to Science and Social Justice in Bioethics. The American Journal of Bioethics 19:7, pages W1-W3.
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Florence Ashley. (2019) Watchful Waiting Doesn’t Mean No Puberty Blockers, and Moving Beyond Watchful Waiting. The American Journal of Bioethics 19:6, pages W3-W4.
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Katarina Alanko, Minna Aspnäs, Monica Ålgars & N. Kenneth Sandnabba. (2019) Coping in narratives of Finnish transgender adults. Nordic Psychology 71:2, pages 116-133.
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Maura Priest. (2019) Transgender Children and the Right to Transition: Medical Ethics When Parents Mean Well but Cause Harm. The American Journal of Bioethics 19:2, pages 45-59.
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Ryan J Watson & Jaimie Veale. (2018) Transgender youth are strong: Resilience among gender expansive youth worldwide. International Journal of Transgenderism 19:2, pages 115-118.
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Julia Temple Newhook, Jake Pyne, Kelley Winters, Stephen Feder, Cindy Holmes, Jemma Tosh, Mari-Lynne Sinnott, Ally Jamieson & Sarah Pickett. (2018) A critical commentary on follow-up studies and “desistance” theories about transgender and gender-nonconforming children. International Journal of Transgenderism 19:2, pages 212-224.
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Articles from other publishers (39)

Eline Lenne, Christina J. Sun & Susanne Klawetter. (2023) An examination of power in a triadic model of parent–child–pediatrician relationships related to early childhood gender development. Journal of Family Theory & Review 15:4, pages 662-676.
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Amy Tishelman & G. Nic Rider. (2023) Assessment of Gender Diverse Children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 32:4, pages 719-730.
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Daisy Haywood, María de Andrés, Una Masic & Polly Carmichael. (2023) Exploring navigation of gender in a sample of clinically referred young people attending the gender identity development service. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 17:1.
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James S. Morandini, Aidan Kelly, Nastasja M. de Graaf, Pia Malouf, Evan Guerin, Ilan Dar-Nimrod & Polly Carmichael. (2023) Is Social Gender Transition Associated with Mental Health Status in Children and Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria?. Archives of Sexual Behavior 52:3, pages 1045-1060.
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Cal Horton. (2022) Institutional cisnormativity and educational injustice: Trans children's experiences in primary and early secondary education in the UK . British Journal of Educational Psychology 93:1, pages 73-90.
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André Hajek, Hans-Helmut König, Elzbieta Buczak-Stec, Marco Blessmann & Katharina Grupp. (2023) Prevalence and Determinants of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Transgender People: Results of a Survey. Healthcare 11:5, pages 705.
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Mark Vicars & Jarrod Wolfe. (2023) Exploring the Educational Life Histories of Australian Transgender Faith-Based Secondary School Graduates. Youth 3:1, pages 217-232.
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Lindsey R van der Vaart, Anouk Verveen, Henny MW Bos, Floor B van Rooij & Thomas D Steensma. (2022) Differences in self-perception and social gender status in children with gender incongruence. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 27:4, pages 1077-1090.
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Erin ZieglerErin CharnishBenjamin CarrollLeah Layman-Pleet. (2022) A Critical Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Care of Transgender and Gender Diverse Children and Youth for Use by Primary Care Practitioners. Transgender Health 7:5, pages 397-406.
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Garrett Garborcauskas, Elio McCabeElizabeth R. Boskey & Frances W. Grimstad. (2022) Family Building Perspectives of Assigned Female at Birth Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents Seeking Testosterone Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy. LGBT Health 9:7, pages 463-470.
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Cal Horton. (2022) “Euphoria”: Trans children and experiences of prepubertal social transition. Family Relations.
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Annie Pullen Sansfaçon, Denise Medico, Morgane Gelly, Valeria Kirichenko & Frank Suerich-Gulick. (2021) Blossoming Child, Mourning Parent: A Qualitative Study of Trans Children and Their Parents Navigating Transition. Journal of Child and Family Studies 31:7, pages 1771-1784.
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Baer Karrington. (2022) Defining Desistance: Exploring Desistance in Transgender and Gender Expansive Youth Through Systematic Literature Review. Transgender Health 7:3, pages 189-212.
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Georg Romer Romer & Thomas Lempp. (2022) Geschlechtsinkongruenz im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Nervenheilkunde 41:05, pages 309-319.
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Mark Regnerus & Brad Vermurlen. (2022) Attitudes in the U.S. Toward Hormonal and/or Surgical Interventions for Adolescents Experiencing Gender Dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior 51:4, pages 1891-1902.
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Dianne Berg, Ghazel Tellawi, Sloan Okrey Anderson & G. Nic Rider. (2022) Beyond diagnosis: Prepubescent gender expansive children on the margins of clinical measures. Infant and Child Development 31:3.
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Jean MalpasMichael J. PellicaneElizabeth Glaeser. (2022) Family-Based Interventions with Transgender and Gender Expansive Youth: Systematic Review and Best Practice Recommendations. Transgender Health 7:1, pages 7-29.
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Pankaew Tantirattanakulchai & Nuchanad Hounnaklang. (2022) Associations between Clusters of Perceived Social Support Level, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation among Transgender Women: A Latent Class Analysis. Journal of Public Health Research 11:1, pages jphr.2021.2090.
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Jack L. Turban, Dana King, Jason J. Li & Alex S. Keuroghlian. (2021) Timing of Social Transition for Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth, K-12 Harassment, and Adult Mental Health Outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health 69:6, pages 991-998.
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Sophie Lightfoot, Hannah Kia, Alex Vincent, David Kenneth Wright & Amanda Vandyk. (2021) Trans-affirming care: An integrative review and concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies 123, pages 104047.
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Colleen Kimseylove, Todd Edwards & David Inwards-Breland. (2020) Effect of Medicaid Expansion on the Crowdfunding Behavior of Transgender Adolescents. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 18:3, pages 564-574.
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Lily Durwood, Léïla Eisner, Kaitlyn Fladeboe, Chonghui (Gabriella) Ji, Samantha Barney, Katie A. McLaughlin & Kristina R. Olson. (2021) Social Support and Internalizing Psychopathology in Transgender Youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 50:5, pages 841-854.
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Bianca Machado Borba Soll, Anna Martha Fontanari, Angelo Brandelli Costa, Ítala Chinazzo, Dhiordan Cardoso Silva, Fernanda Guadagnin, Silzá Tramontina & Maria Inês Rodrigues Lobato. (2021) Descriptive Study of Transgender Youth Receiving Health Care in the Gender Identity Program in Southern Brazil. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12.
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Diana M. Tordoff, Samantha G. Haley, Alic Shook, Alena Kantor, Julia M. Crouch & Kym Ahrens. (2020) “Talk about Bodies”: Recommendations for Using Transgender-Inclusive Language in Sex Education Curricula. Sex Roles 84:3-4, pages 152-165.
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Lexis Rivers. (2021) Gender Affirming and Supportive Care for Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth. Journal of Pediatric Surgical Nursing 10:1, pages 5-7.
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Reubs Walsh & Gillian Einstein. (2020) Transgender embodiment: a feminist, situated neuroscience perspective. Journal of the International Network for Sexual Ethics & Politics:Special Issue 2020, pages 56-70.
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Cal Horton. (2020) Thriving or Surviving? Raising Our Ambition for Trans Children in Primary and Secondary Schools. Frontiers in Sociology 5.
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Katarina Alanko & Heidi Lund. (2019) Transgender Youth and Social Support: A Survey Study on the Effects of Good Relationships on Well-being and Mental Health. YOUNG 28:2, pages 199-216.
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Walter R. Schumm & Duane W. Crawford. (2019) Is Research on Transgender Children What It Seems? Comments on Recent Research on Transgender Children with High Levels of Parental Support. The Linacre Quarterly 87:1, pages 9-24.
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Diane Ehrensaft. 2020. Pediatric Gender Identity. Pediatric Gender Identity 171 185 .
Sam Winter, Diane Ehrensaft, Michelle Telfer, Guy T'Sjoen, Jun Koh, Simon Pickstone-Taylor, Alicia Kruger, Lisa Griffin, Maya Foigel, Griet De Cuypere & Dan Karasic. (2019) ICD-11 and gender incongruence of childhood: a rethink is needed. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 3:10, pages 671-673.
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James R. Rae, Selin Gülgöz, Lily Durwood, Madeleine DeMeules, Riley Lowe, Gabrielle Lindquist & Kristina R. Olson. (2019) Predicting Early-Childhood Gender Transitions. Psychological Science 30:5, pages 669-681.
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Ashley Miller & Sarah Davidson. (2019) Co-ordinating meaning within a gender identity development service: What can the theory of the co-ordinated management of meaning offer clinicians working with young people, and their families, exploring their gender identities. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 24:2, pages 322-337.
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Florence Ashley. (2019) Thinking an ethics of gender exploration: Against delaying transition for transgender and gender creative youth. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 24:2, pages 223-236.
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Bernadette Wren. (2019) Ethical issues arising in the provision of medical interventions for gender diverse children and adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 24:2, pages 203-222.
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Nastasja M de Graaf & Polly Carmichael. (2018) Reflections on emerging trends in clinical work with gender diverse children and adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 24:2, pages 353-364.
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Trilby Langton, Bernadette Wren & Polly Carmichael. (2018) Seeing the child in context: Supporting gender diverse children and their families in multiple ways – An introduction to this special edition. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 24:2, pages 199-202.
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Florence Ashley. (2018) Gender (De)Transitioning Before Puberty? A Response to Steensma and Cohen-Kettenis (2011). Archives of Sexual Behavior 48:3, pages 679-680.
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Jason Rafferty, Michael Yogman, Rebecca Baum, Thresia B. Gambon, Arthur Lavin, Gerri Mattson, Lawrence Sagin Wissow, Cora Breuner, Elizabeth M. Alderman, Laura K. Grubb, Makia E. Powers, Krishna Upadhya, Stephenie B. Wallace, Lynn Hunt, Anne Teresa Gearhart, Christopher Harris, Kathryn Melland Lowe, Chadwick Taylor Rodgers & Ilana Michelle Sherer. (2018) Ensuring Comprehensive Care and Support for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 142:4.
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