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Research Article

High mortality rates among GHB abusers in Western Sweden

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Pages 187-192 | Received 23 Sep 2006, Accepted 31 Jan 2007, Published online: 20 Jan 2009

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Shane Darke, Amy Peacock, Johan Duflou, Michael Farrell & Julia Lappin. (2020) Characteristics and circumstances of death related to gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Clinical Toxicology 58:11, pages 1028-1033.
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Leo J Schep, Kai Knudsen, Robin J Slaughter, J Allister Vale & Bruno Mégarbane. (2012) The clinical toxicology of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol. Clinical Toxicology 50:6, pages 458-470.
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I. B. Anderson, S. Y. Kim-Katz, J. E. Dyer & P. D. Blanc. (2010) The impact of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) legal restrictions on patterns of use: Results from an International Survey. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 17:5, pages 455-469.
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Madelaine Abid, Jana Kietzerow, Stefanie Iwersen‐Bergmann, Tino Schnitgerhans & Hilke Andresen‐Streichert. (2021) Characteristics and dose‐effect relationship of clinical gamma‐hydroxybutyrate intoxication: A case series. Journal of Forensic Sciences 67:1, pages 416-427.
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Enrico Marinelli, Renata Beck, Antonio Malvasi, Alfredo Fabrizio Lo Faro & Simona Zaami. (2020) Gamma-hydroxybutyrate abuse: pharmacology and poisoning and withdrawal management. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 71:1, pages 19-26.
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J. Kietzerow, B. Otto, N. Wilke, H. Rohde, S. Iwersen-Bergmann & H. Andresen-Streichert. (2019) The challenge of post-mortem GHB analysis: storage conditions and specimen types are both important. International Journal of Legal Medicine 134:1, pages 205-215.
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Jean-Paul Grund, Dirk de Bruin & Sanne van Gaalen. (2018) Going knock —Recurrent comatose GHB intoxication in the Netherlands & Flanders (Belgium). International Journal of Drug Policy 58, pages 137-148.
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Desiree Madah-Amiri, Lars Myrmel & Guttorm Brattebø. (2017) Intoxication with GHB/GBL: characteristics and trends from ambulance-attended overdoses. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 25:1.
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Martijn S. van Noorden, Ton Mol, Jeroen Wisselink, Wil Kuijpers & Boukje A.G. Dijkstra. (2017) Treatment consumption and treatment re-enrollment in GHB-dependent patients in The Netherlands. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 176, pages 96-101.
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Evangelia Liakoni, Fabio Walther, Christian H. Nickel & Matthias E. Liechti. (2016) Presentations to an urban emergency department in Switzerland due to acute γ-hydroxybutyrate toxicity. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 24:1.
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Oliver G. Bosch & Erich Seifritz. (2016) The behavioural profile of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol in humans. Brain Research Bulletin 126, pages 47-60.
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Victoria Elizabeth Knegt, Torben Breindahl, Kirstine Moll Harboe, Gitte Leth Møller & Malene Landbo Børresen. (2016) Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate and cocaine intoxication in a Danish child. Clinical Case Reports 4:3, pages 228-231.
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Odd Martin Vallersnes, Dag Jacobsen, Øivind Ekeberg & Mette Brekke. (2015) Patients presenting with acute poisoning to an outpatient emergency clinic: a one-year observational study in Oslo, Norway. BMC Emergency Medicine 15:1.
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Martijn S. van Noorden, Rama M. Kamal, Boukje A.G. Dijkstra, Rob Mauritz & Cor A.J. de Jong. (2015) A Case Series of Pharmaceutical Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate in 3 Patients With Severe Benzodiazepine-Resistant Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Withdrawal in the Hospital. Psychosomatics 56:4, pages 404-409.
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Margareta Warrén Stomberg, Kai Knudsen, Henrik Stomberg & Ingela Skärsäter. (2014) Symptoms and signs in interpreting Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) intoxication - an explorative study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 22:1.
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Maja-Klara Lundahl, Karl Johan Olovsson, Ylva Rönngren & Karl-Gustaf Norbergh. (2014) Nurse's perspectives on care provided for patients with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone abuse. Journal of Clinical Nursing 23:17-18, pages 2589-2598.
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Tibor M. Brunt, Maarten W. Koeter, Nina Hertoghs, Martijn S. van Noorden & Wim van den Brink. (2013) Sociodemographic and substance use characteristics of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) dependent inpatients and associations with dependence severity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 131:3, pages 316-319.
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I. N. Petersen, C. Tortzen, J. L. Kristensen, D. S. Pedersen & T. Breindahl. (2013) Identification of a New Metabolite of GHB: Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid Glucuronide. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 37:5, pages 291-297.
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Ida Nymann Petersen, Jesper Langgaard Kristensen, Christian Tortzen, Torben Breindahl & Daniel Sejer Pedersen. (2013) Synthesis and stability study of a new major metabolite of γ-hydroxybutyric acid. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9, pages 641-646.
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Christian Berchtold, Stefan Schmid, Lukas Meier & Renato Zenobi. (2013) In situ detection of γ-hydroxybutyrate and γ-butyrolactone in drinks by secondary electrospray ionization. Anal. Methods 5:4, pages 844-850.
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Robert Neijzen, Pieter van Ardenne, Maaike Sikma, Annelies Egas, Tessa Ververs & Erik van Maarseveen. (2012) Activated charcoal for GHB intoxication: An in vitro study. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 47:5, pages 801-803.
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M.S. van Noorden. (2012) GHB: intoxicaties, afhankelijkheid en onthouding. Bijblijven 28:10, pages 7-11.
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Jan G.C. van Amsterdam, Margriet van Laar, Tibor M. Brunt & Wim van den Brink. (2012) Risk assessment of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the Netherlands. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 63:1, pages 55-63.
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Donald G. Barceloux. 2012. Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse. Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse 89 109 .
Stanley M. Parsons. 2011. Forensic Chemistry Handbook. Forensic Chemistry Handbook 355 434 .
Kestutis Bendinskas, Patricia Sattelberg, Daniel Crossett, Andrew Banyikwa, Daniel Dempsey & James A. MacKenzie. (2011) Enzymatic Detection of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Using Aldo-keto Reductase 7A2*,?. Journal of Forensic Sciences 56:3, pages 783-787.
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Deborah L. Zvosec, Stephen W. Smith, Trinka Porrata, A. Quinn Strobl & Jo Ellen Dyer. (2011) Case series of 226 γ-hydroxybutyrate–associated deaths: lethal toxicity and trauma. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 29:3, pages 319-332.
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K. KNUDSEN, U. JONSSON & J. ABRAHAMSSON. (2010) Twenty‐three deaths with γ‐hydroxybutyrate overdose in western Sweden between 2000 and 2007. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 54:8, pages 987-992.
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Deborah L. Zvosec & Stephen W. Smith. (2010) . Clinical Therapeutics 32:4, pages 780-785.
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Fredrik C. Kugelberg, Anita Holmgren, Arne Eklund & Alan Wayne Jones. (2008) Forensic toxicology findings in deaths involving gamma-hydroxybutyrate. International Journal of Legal Medicine 124:1, pages 1-6.
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Andreas R. Luft. 2010. Seizures in Critical Care. Seizures in Critical Care 341 354 .
Paul I Dargan, Jenny Button, Susie Davies, John Ramsey, Simi George, David W Holt & David M Wood. (2009) The first reported UK fatality related to gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) ingestion. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 102:12, pages 546-547.
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Laurent Karila, Johanne Novarin, Bruno Megarbane, Olivier Cottencin, Sylvain Dally, William Lowenstein & Michel Reynaud. (2009) Acide gamma-hydroxy-butyrique (GHB) : plus qu’un agent de soumission chimique, une véritable source d’addiction. La Presse Médicale 38:10, pages 1526-1538.
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Lawrence P. Carter, Daniel Pardi, Jane Gorsline & Roland R. Griffiths. (2009) Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem®): Differences in characteristics and misuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 104:1-2, pages 1-10.
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Martijn S. van Noorden, Lieselotte C.A.M. van Dongen, Frans G. Zitman & Ton (A.)C.M. Vergouwen. (2009) Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome: dangerous but not well-known. General Hospital Psychiatry 31:4, pages 394-396.
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Fabio Caputo, Teo Vignoli, Icro Maremmani, Mauro Bernardi & Giorgio Zoli. (2009) Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6:6, pages 1917-1929.
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Joshua T. Kantrowitz, Leslie Citrome & Daniel C. Javitt. (2009) A review of tolerability and abuse liability of γ-hydroxybutyric acid for insomnia in patients with schizophrenia. Clinical Therapeutics 31, pages 1360-1373.
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Alan Wayne Jones, Anita Holmgren & Fredrik C. Kugelberg. (2008) Driving under the influence of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology 4:4, pages 205-211.
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