286
Views
44
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

High mortality rates among GHB abusers in Western Sweden

, &
Pages 187-192 | Received 23 Sep 2006, Accepted 31 Jan 2007, Published online: 20 Jan 2009

References

  • Wong CG, Chan KF, Gibson KM, Snead OC. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: Neurobiology and toxicology of a recreational drug. Toxicol Rev 2004; 23: 3–20
  • Persson SÅ, Eriksson A, Hallgren N, Eklund A, Berkowicz A, Druid H. GHB—dangerous, addictive and uncontrollable “party drug.”. Lakartidningen 2001; 98: 4026–4031
  • Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, Stefanini GF, Gasbarrini G. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid efficacy, potential abuse, and dependence in the treatment of alcohol addiction. Alcohol 2000; 20: 217–222
  • Snead OC, Gibson KM. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. NEJM 2005; 352: 2721–2732
  • Palatini P, Tedeschi L, Frison G, Padrini R, Zordan R, Orlando R, Gallimberti L, Gessa GL, Ferrava SD. Dose-dependent absorption and elimination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 45: 353–356
  • Zvosec DL, Smith SW. Agitation is common in gamma-hydroxybutyrate toxicity. Am J Emerg Med 2005; 23: 316–320
  • Couper FJ, Thatcher JE, Logan BK. Suspected GHB overdoses in the emergency department. J Anal Toxicol 2004; 28: 481–484
  • Bosman IJ, Lusthof KJ. Forensic cases involving the use of GHB in The Netherlands. Forensic Science International Apr 23, 2003; 133: 17–21
  • http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ghb/ghb_info2.shtml, Dean W. GHB demonization proceeds in states: A call to action: Stop criminalization of GHB now. Erowid homepage
  • Dyer JE, Roth B, Hyma BA. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 147–153
  • Tarabar AF, Nelson LS. The gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome. Toxicol Rev 2004; 23: 45–49
  • Palmer RB. Gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol: Abused analogues of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Toxicol Rev 2004; 23: 21–31
  • Anderson IB, Kim SY, Dyer JE, Burkhardt CB, Iknoian JC, Walsh MJ, Blanc PD. Trends in gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and related drug intoxication: 1999 to 2003. Ann Emerg Med 2006; 47: 177–183
  • Knudsen K, Greter J, Verdicchio M, Cederquist T. GHB, GBL and butanediol poisonings—a serious problem in Western Sweden. Lakartidningen 2005; 102: 3294–3299
  • Hunderup MC, Jorgensen AJ. Poisoning with gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Cases reported in connection with “cultural festivals” in August 1999 in Kolding. Ugeskr Laeger 1999; 161: 6939–6940
  • Engelsen J, Christensen HR. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate—an endogenous substance and a new central nervous system stimulant. Clinical aspects of acute poisoning. Ugeskr Laeger 1999; 161: 6903–6907
  • Strange DG, Jensen D. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a new central nervous system stimulant. Ugeskr Laeger 1999; 161: 6934–6936
  • Hovda KE, Liberg JP, Nordby G, Jacobsen D. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate - an endogenous substance and an intoxicant. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1998; 118: 4390–4393
  • Liechti ME, Kupferschmidt H. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL): Analysis of overdose cases reported to the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre. Swiss Med Wkly 2004; 134: 534–537
  • Mirò Ó, Nogué S, Espinosa G, To-Figueras J, Sánchez M. Trends in illicit drug emergencies: The emerging role of gammahydroxybutyrate. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40: 129–135
  • Van Cauter E, Plat L, Scharf MB, Leproult R, Cespedes S, L'Hermite-Balériaux M, Copinschi. Simultaneous stimulation of slow-wave sleep and growth hormone secretion by gammahydroxybutyrate in normal young men. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 745–753
  • Addolorato G, Capristo E, Gessa GL, Caputo F, Stefanini GF, Gasbarrini G. Long-term administration of GHB does not affect muscular mass in alcoholics. Life Sci 1999; 65: 191–196
  • Xyrem International Study Group. Further evidence supporting the use of sodium oxybate for the treatment of cataplexy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 228 patients. Sleep Med 2005; 6: 415–421
  • Korninger C, Roller RE, Lesch OM. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in patients admitted to hospital. Acta Med Austriaca 2003; 30: 83–86

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.