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Journal of Cognitive Psychology Volume 26, 2014 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

The power of representation and interpretation: Doubling statistical reasoning performance with icons and frequentist interpretations of ambiguous numbers

Gary L. BraseDepartment of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS66506, USACorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 81-97 | Received 07 May 2013, Accepted 29 Oct 2013, Published online: 03 Dec 2013

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Jeffrey J. Starns, Andrew L. Cohen, John M. Vargas & William F. Lougee-Rodriguez. (2021) Strategies for Using a Spatial Method to Promote Active Learning of Probability Concepts. Journal of Statistics and Data Science Education 29:1, pages 39-53.
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Gary L. Brase. (2015) Using statistical reasoning performance to reveal information parsing preferences in the mind. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 68:3, pages 459-472.
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Articles from other publishers (35)

Elisabet Tubau, Àngels Colomé & Javier Rodríguez-Ferreiro. (2023) Previous beliefs affect Bayesian reasoning in conditions fostering gist comprehension. Memory & Cognition 51:8, pages 1819-1835.
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Nicole Steib, Stefan Krauss, Karin Binder, Theresa Büchter, Katharina Böcherer-Linder, Andreas Eichler & Markus Vogel. (2023) Measuring people’s covariational reasoning in Bayesian situations. Frontiers in Psychology 14.
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Sarah Frederike Brose, Karin Binder, Martin R. Fischer, Martin Reincke, Leah T. Braun & Ralf Schmidmaier. (2023) Bayesian versus diagnostic information in physician-patient communication: Effects of direction of statistical information and presentation of visualization. PLOS ONE 18:6, pages e0283947.
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Lucy Cui, Stephanie Lo & Zili Liu. (2023) The Use of Visualizations to Improve Bayesian Reasoning: A Literature Review. Vision 7:1, pages 17.
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Charlotte E. R. Edmunds, Adam J. L. Harris & Magda Osman. (2022) Applying Insights on Categorisation, Communication, and Dynamic Decision-Making: A Case Study of a ‘Simple’ Maritime Military Decision. Review of General Psychology 26:4, pages 426-445.
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Guillermina Noël, Janet Joy & Carmen Dyck. (2022) Improving the quality of healthcare data through information design. Information Design Journal, pages 104-122.
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Isabelle Brocas & Juan D. Carrillo. (2022) Adverse selection and contingent reasoning in preadolescents and teenagers. Games and Economic Behavior 133, pages 331-351.
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Alaina Talboy & Sandra Schneider. (2022) Reference Dependence in Bayesian Reasoning: Value Selection Bias, Congruence Effects, and Response Prompt Sensitivity. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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Paul C. Price, Grace A. Carlock, Sarah Crouse & Mariana Vargas Arciga. (2023) Effects of icon arrays to communicate risk in a repeated risky decision-making task. Judgment and Decision Making 17:2, pages 378-399.
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Alexandra K. Kunzelmann, Karin Binder, Martin R. Fischer, Martin Reincke, Leah T. Braun & Ralf Schmidmaier. (2022) Improving Diagnostic Efficiency with Frequency Double-Trees and Frequency Nets in Bayesian Reasoning. MDM Policy & Practice 7:1, pages 238146832210866.
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Lyndal J. Trevena, Carissa Bonner, Yasmina Okan, Ellen Peters, Wolfgang Gaissmaier, Paul K. J. Han, Elissa Ozanne, Danielle Timmermans & Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher. (2021) Current Challenges When Using Numbers in Patient Decision Aids: Advanced Concepts. Medical Decision Making 41:7, pages 834-847.
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Karin Binder, Stefan Krauss, Ralf Schmidmaier & Leah T. Braun. (2021) Natural frequency trees improve diagnostic efficiency in Bayesian reasoning. Advances in Health Sciences Education 26:3, pages 847-863.
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Georg Bruckmaier, Stefan Krauss, Karin Binder, Sven Hilbert & Martin Brunner. (2021) Tversky and Kahneman’s Cognitive Illusions: Who Can Solve Them, and Why?. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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Gary Brase. (2020) What facilitates Bayesian reasoning? A crucial test of ecological rationality versus nested sets hypotheses. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 28:2, pages 703-709.
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Dirk Streeb, Mennatallah El-Assady, Daniel A. Keim & Min Chen. (2021) Why Visualize? Untangling a Large Network of Arguments. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 27:3, pages 2220-2236.
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Jessica K. Witt. (2020) The Precision-Bias Distinction for Evaluating Visual Decision Aids for Risk Perception. Medical Decision Making 40:6, pages 846-853.
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Karin Binder, Stefan Krauss & Patrick Wiesner. (2020) A New Visualization for Probabilistic Situations Containing Two Binary Events: The Frequency Net. Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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Elisabet Tubau, Javier Rodríguez-Ferreiro, Itxaso Barberia & Àngels Colomé. (2018) From reading numbers to seeing ratios: a benefit of icons for risk comprehension. Psychological Research 83:8, pages 1808-1816.
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Georg Bruckmaier, Karin Binder, Stefan Krauss & Han-Min Kufner. (2019) An Eye-Tracking Study of Statistical Reasoning With Tree Diagrams and 2 × 2 Tables. Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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Manuele Reani, Niels Peek & Caroline Jay. (2019) How different visualizations affect human reasoning about uncertainty: An analysis of visual behaviour. Computers in Human Behavior 92, pages 55-64.
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Jeffrey J. Starns, Andrew L. Cohen, Cara Bosco & Jennifer Hirst. (2019) A visualization technique for Bayesian reasoning. Applied Cognitive Psychology 33:2, pages 234-251.
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Katharina Böcherer-Linder & Andreas Eichler. (2019) How to Improve Performance in Bayesian Inference Tasks: A Comparison of Five Visualizations. Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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Stephanie Budgett & Maxine Pfannkuch. 2019. Topics and Trends in Current Statistics Education Research. Topics and Trends in Current Statistics Education Research 3 25 .
Patrick Weber, Karin Binder & Stefan Krauss. (2018) Why Can Only 24% Solve Bayesian Reasoning Problems in Natural Frequencies: Frequency Phobia in Spite of Probability Blindness. Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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Gary L. Brase, Stefania Pighin & Katya Tentori. (2017) (Yet) Another chance for good reasoning? A commentary and reply on Pighin, Tentori, and Girotto (2017). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 25:3, pages 1220-1223.
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Karin Binder, Stefan Krauss, Georg Bruckmaier & Jörg Marienhagen. (2018) Visualizing the Bayesian 2-test case: The effect of tree diagrams on medical decision making. PLOS ONE 13:3, pages e0195029.
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Manuele Reani, Alan Davies, Niels Peek & Caroline Jay. (2018) How do people use information presentation to make decisions in Bayesian reasoning tasks?. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 111, pages 62-77.
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CFP BoardMeghaan R. Lurtz & Stuart J. Heckman. 2018. Client Psychology. Client Psychology 155 165 .
Günther Schreder, Nicole Hynek, Florian Windhager & Eva Mayr. 2018. Diagrammatic Representation and Inference. Diagrammatic Representation and Inference 458 469 .
Katharina Böcherer-Linder & Andreas Eichler. (2017) The Impact of Visualizing Nested Sets. An Empirical Study on Tree Diagrams and Unit Squares. Frontiers in Psychology 7.
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Karin Binder, Stefan Krauss & Georg Bruckmaier. (2015) Effects of visualizing statistical information – an empirical study on tree diagrams and 2 × 2 tables. Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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Eric D. Johnson & Elisabet Tubau. (2015) Comprehension and computation in Bayesian problem solving. Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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Rocio Garcia-Retamero, Edward T. Cokely & Ulrich Hoffrage. (2015) Visual aids improve diagnostic inferences and metacognitive judgment calibration. Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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David R. Mandel. (2015) Instruction in information structuring improves Bayesian judgment in intelligence analysts. Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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Gary L. Brase & W. Trey Hill. (2015) Good fences make for good neighbors but bad science: a review of what improves Bayesian reasoning and why. Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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