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Original Articles

Flaxseed and Human Health: Reviewing Benefits and Adverse Effects

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Pages 203-230 | Published online: 09 Feb 2012

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (4)

Abdul Mueed, Sahar Shibli, Muhammad Jahangir, Saqib Jabbar & Zeyuan Deng. (2023) A comprehensive review of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.): health-affecting compounds, mechanism of toxicity, detoxification, anticancer and potential risk. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 63:32, pages 11081-11104.
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Yingxue Hu, Timothy J. Tse, Youn Young Shim, Sarah K. Purdy, Young Jun Kim, Venkatesh Meda & Martin J. T. Reaney. (2022) A review of flaxseed lignan and the extraction and refinement of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 0:0, pages 1-16.
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Himanshu Chhillar, Priyanka Chopra & Mohd Ashraf Ashfaq. (2021) Lignans from linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and its allied species: Retrospect, introspect and prospect. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 61:16, pages 2719-2741.
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Qianchun Deng, Xiao Yu, Fangli Ma, Jiqu Xu, Fenghong Huang, Qingde Huang & Feng Sheng. (2017) Comparative analysis of the in-vitro antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of flaxseed in China according to variety and geographical origin. International Journal of Food Properties 20:sup3, pages S2708-S2722.
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Articles from other publishers (56)

Amir Hossein Moridpour, Masomeh Goodarzi, Zeynab Kavyani, Negarsadat Nademi, Maziar Daneshvar, Vali Musazadeh & Amir Hossein Faghfouri. (2023) Application of Flaxseed as an Effective Approach for Improving Lipid Profile Parameters: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PharmaNutrition, pages 100366.
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Özlem Özpak Akkuş, Yüksel Özdemir, Çağla Özbek, Başak Öncel & Betül Yapıcı Nane. (2023) Does flaxseed and chia use affect postprandial glucose, insulin and subjective saturation response in healthy individuals?. Journal of Surgery and Medicine 7:8, pages 00-00.
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Evayne de Barros, Paola Cristine de Bortoli dos Santos, Maiara Frigo, Jucieli Weber, Carla Zanelatto & Eloá Angélica Koehnlein. (2023) Effects of a Combination of Phytoestrogens on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Climacteric Women: A Randomized, Placebocontrolled Trial. Current Bioactive Compounds 19:2.
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Kailash Prasad & Kalpana BhanumathyK.K.. (2023) Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside (SDG) from flaxseed in the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Scripta Medica 54:1, pages 87-93.
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Lixia Hou, Ming Yang, Xiaomei Sun, Yujin Zhang, Bingkai Wang & Xuede Wang. (2023) Effect of Flaxseed Addition on the Quality and Storage Stability of Sesame Paste. Journal of Oleo Science 72:2, pages 117-130.
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Shan Zhang, Yashu Chen, David Julian McClements, Tao Hou, Fang Geng, Peng Chen, Hongjian Chen, Bijun Xie, Zhida Sun, Hu Tang, Yaqiong Pei, Shuang Quan, Xiao Yu & Qianchun Deng. (2022) Composition, processing, and quality control of whole flaxseed products used to fortify foods. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 22:1, pages 587-614.
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Khuram Shehzad Khan, Muhammad Farhan Qadir, Adeel Ahmad, Muhammad Naveed, Taqi Raza & Allah Ditta. (2022) Efficacy of Different Endophytic Bacterial Strains in Enhancing Growth, Yield, and Physiological and Biochemical Attributes of Linum usitatissimum L. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 22:4, pages 4365-4376.
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Mahtab Zarei, Shaghayegh Adeli, Shabnam Hosseini & Elnaz Daneshzad. (2022) The effect of flaxseed intake on appetite reduction: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Phytotherapy Research 36:10, pages 3792-3804.
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Trias Mahmudiono, Saade Abdalkareem Jasim, Yasir Salam Karim, Dmitry Olegovich Bokov, Walid Kamal Abdelbasset, Kholmurod S. Akhmedov, Ghulam Yasin, Lakshmi Thangavelu, Yasser Fakri Mustafa, Shehla Shoukat, Mazin A.A. Najm & Mohammad Amraei. (2022) The effect of flaxseed oil consumtion on blood pressure among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials. Phytotherapy Research 36:10, pages 3766-3773.
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Inal Bakhytkyzy, Weronika Hewelt-Belka & Agata Kot-Wasik. (2022) A method for a comprehensive lipidomic analysis of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) with the use of LC–Q-TOF-MS and dispersive micro-solid-phase (μDSPE) extraction. Food Chemistry 381, pages 132290.
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Yuanmei Xu, Rui Li, Kui Li, Jiangtao Yu, Junqing Bai & Shaojin Wang. (2022) Inactivation of inoculated Salmonella and natural microflora on two kinds of edible seeds by radio frequency heating combined with cinnamon oil vapor. LWT 154, pages 112603.
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Dalma Nagy-Réder, Zsófia Birinyi, Marianna Rakszegi, Ferenc Békés & Gyöngyvér Gell. (2021) The Effect of Abiotic Stresses on the Protein Composition of Four Hungarian Wheat Varieties. Plants 11:1, pages 1.
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Poorva Sharma, Deepansh Sharma, Sawinder Kaur & Anjan Borah. (2020) Optimization of flaxseed milk fermentation for the production of functional peptides and estimation of their bioactivities. Food Science and Technology International 27:7, pages 585-597.
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Patrycja Cichońska, Ewelina Pudło, Adrian Wojtczak & Małgorzata Ziarno. (2021) Effect of the Addition of Whole and Milled Flaxseed on the Quality Characteristics of Yogurt. Foods 10:9, pages 2140.
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Meltem ÖZGÖÇMEN & Şükriye YEŞİLOT. (2021) DOES EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION OF FLAXSEED (LINUM USITATISSIMUM L.) CAUSE A LIVER DAMAGE IN RAT MODELS?AŞIRI DOZ KETEN TOHUMU (LINUM USITATISSIMUM L.) TÜKETİMİ RATLARDA KARACİĞER HASARINA NEDEN OLUR MU?. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 28:2, pages 333-341.
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Nudrat Aisha Akram, Fahad Shafiq, Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad Iqbal & Parvaiz Ahmad. (2020) Advances in Salt Tolerance of Some Major Fiber Crops Through Classical and Advanced Biotechnological Tools: A Review. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 40:3, pages 891-905.
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Jeyamani Divya Christodoss, Priya D John MD & Vasantha Esther Rani. (2021) EFFICACY OF FLAXSEED CRACKERS IN AMELIORATING CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL HYPERANDROGENISM IN YOUNG ADULT SOUTH INDIAN WOMEN DIAGNOSED WITH PCOS. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9:Spl-1- GCSGD_2020, pages S116-S124.
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Endalew Gebeyehu, Desalegn Nigatu & Ephrem Engidawork. (2021) Complete symptom resolution as predictor of Helicobacter pylori eradication and factors affecting symptom resolution: Prospective follow up study. PLOS ONE 16:2, pages e0246624.
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Sangita Ganguly, Narender Raju Panjagari & Rakesh Kumar Raman. 2021. Oilseeds: Health Attributes and Food Applications. Oilseeds: Health Attributes and Food Applications 253 283 .
Fatemeh Haidari, Nasrin Banaei-Jahromi, Mehrnoosh Zakerkish & Kambiz Ahmadi. (2020) The effects of flaxseed supplementation on metabolic status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized open-labeled controlled clinical trial. Nutrition Journal 19:1.
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Muhammad H. Alu'datt, Doa'a Ghazi Al-U'datt, Carole C. Tranchant, Mohammad N. Alhamad, Taha Rababah, Sana Gammoh, Ali Almajwal & Inteaz Alli. (2020) Phenolic and protein contents of differently prepared protein co-precipitates from flaxseed and soybean and antioxidant activity and angiotensin inhibitory activity of their phenolic fractions. NFS Journal 21, pages 65-72.
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Narsaiah Kairam, Sridhar Kandi, Alka Choudhary & Minaxi Sharma. (2020) Development of flaxseed and garlic oil hydrogel beads by novel ionotropic gelation method. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 44:10.
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Xiaotong Kuang, Yan Kong, Xiaojie Hu, Kelei Li, Xiaofei Guo, Chunxiao Liu, Lei Han & Duo Li. (2020) Defatted flaxseed flour improves weight loss and lipid profile in overweight and obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. Food & Function 11:9, pages 8237-8247.
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Caisheng Qiu, Hong Wang, Yuan Guo, Songhua Long, Yufu Wang, Arshad Mehmood Abbasi, Xinbo Guo & Devra I. Jarvis. (2020) Comparison of fatty acid composition, phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity in four flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties. Oil Crop Science 5:3, pages 136-141.
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Shan Liang, Xiaofeng Li, Zizhe Cai, Ning Zhang, Martin J.T. Reaney & Yong Wang. (2020) A wet-screening strategy for flaxseed dehulling and compositional quantification of the separated fractions. LWT 127, pages 109386.
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Piotr Zarzycki, Emilia Sykut-Domańska, Aldona Sobota, Dorota Teterycz, Ada Krawęcka, Agata Blicharz-Kania, Dariusz Andrejko & Beata Zdybel. (2020) Flaxseed Enriched Pasta—Chemical Composition and Cooking Quality. Foods 9:4, pages 404.
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Amir Hadi, Moein Askarpour, Shekoufeh Salamat, Ehsan Ghaedi, Micheal E. Symonds & Maryam Miraghajani. (2020) Effect of flaxseed supplementation on lipid profile: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of sixty-two randomized controlled trials. Pharmacological Research 152, pages 104622.
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Moein Askarpour, Mohammadreza Karimi, Amir Hadi, Ehsan Ghaedi, Micheal E. Symonds, Maryam Miraghajani & Parisa Javadian. (2020) Effect of flaxseed supplementation on markers of inflammation and endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine 126, pages 154922.
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Atefeh Akrami, Elham Makiabadi, Moein Askarpour, Katayoun Zamani, Amir Hadi, Amin Mokari-Yamchi, Siavash Babajafari, Shiva Faghih & Abdollah Hojhabrimanesh. (2020) A Comparative Study of the Effect of Flaxseed Oil and Sunflower Oil on the Coagulation Score, Selected Oxidative and Inflammatory Parameters in Metabolic Syndrome Patients. Clinical Nutrition Research 9:1, pages 63.
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Farhat Rashid, Zaheer Ahmed, Sarfraz Hussain, Jen-Yi Huang & Asif Ahmad. (2019) Linum usitatissimum L. seeds: Flax gum extraction, physicochemical and functional characterization. Carbohydrate Polymers 215, pages 29-38.
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Parfait Kezimana, Alexey A. Dmitriev, Anna V. Kudryavtseva, Elena V. Romanova & Nataliya V. Melnikova. (2018) Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside of Flaxseed and Its Metabolites: Biosynthesis and Potential for Nutraceuticals. Frontiers in Genetics 9.
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Chao-Kun Wei, Kiran Thakur, Dun-Hua Liu, Jian-Guo Zhang & Zhao-Jun Wei. (2018) Enzymatic hydrolysis of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) protein and sensory characterization of Maillard reaction products. Food Chemistry 263, pages 186-193.
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Fernanda G. D. e Silva, Lisiery N. Paiatto, Aureo T. Yamada, Flavia M. Netto, Patrícia U. Simioni & Wirla M. S. C. Tamashiro. (2018) Intake of Protein Hydrolysates and Phenolic Fractions Isolated from Flaxseed Ameliorates TNBS-Induced Colitis. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 62:17, pages 1800088.
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Reeta, Sudhir Kumar, Prasad Rasane & Ramadevi Nimmanapalli. (2018) Optimisation of a process for production of pomegranate pulp and flaxseed powder fortified probiotic Greek dahi. International Journal of Dairy Technology 71:3, pages 753-763.
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Flávia G. Cândido, Fernanda C.E. de Oliveira, Mário Flávio C. Lima, Carina A. Pinto, Letícia L. da Silva, Hércia S.D. Martino, Marcelo H. dos Santos & Rita de Cássia G. Alfenas. (2018) Addition of pooled pumpkin seed to mixed meals reduced postprandial glycemia: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutrition Research 56, pages 90-97.
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Jun Liu, Youn Young Shim, Timothy J. Tse, Yong Wang & Martin J.T. Reaney. (2018) Flaxseed gum a versatile natural hydrocolloid for food and non-food applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology 75, pages 146-157.
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A. Czech, K. Ognik, M. Laszewska, E. Cholewińska & A. Stępniowska. (2018) Modification of the lipid profile and antioxidant status of the blood plasma of turkey hens fed mixtures with raw or extruded linseed. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 102:1, pages e270-e278.
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BIBWE BHUSHAN, INDRA MANI, ABHIJIT KAR & ANIRBAN DATTA. (2017) Optimization of jackfruit seed starch-soya protein isolate ratio and process variables for flaxseed oil encapsulation. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 87:12.
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Dana Jeong, Dong-Hyeon Kim, Jung-Whan Chon, Kwang-Young Song, Hyunsook Kim & Kun-Ho Seo. (2017) Preparation of Bioactive Kefir with Added Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimumL.) Extract. Journal of Milk Science and Biotechnology 35:3, pages 176-183.
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Meng Wang, Mei-qin Feng, Kun Jia, Jian Sun, Xing-lian Xu & Guang-hong Zhou. (2017) Effects of flaxseed gum concentrations and pH values on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions. Food Hydrocolloids 67, pages 54-62.
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Necati Barış Tuncel, Ayşen Uygur & Yonca Karagül Yüceer. (2017) The Effects of Infrared Roasting on HCN Content, Chemical Composition and Storage Stability of Flaxseed and Flaxseed Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 94:6, pages 877-884.
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Fernanda Guimarães Drummond e Silva, Blanca Hernández-Ledesma, Lourdes Amigo, Flavia Maria Netto & Beatriz Miralles. (2017) Identification of peptides released from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) protein by Alcalase® hydrolysis: Antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology 76, pages 140-146.
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Manoj K. Shah, Gladys Asa, Julie Sherwood, Kari Graber & Teresa M. Bergholz. (2017) Efficacy of vacuum steam pasteurization for inactivation of Salmonella PT 30, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Enterococcus faecium on low moisture foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology 244, pages 111-118.
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Elena de la Peña & Frank A. Manthey. (2017) Effect of Formulation and Dough Hydration Level on Extrusion, Physical and Cooked Qualities of Nontraditional Spaghetti. Journal of Food Process Engineering 40:1, pages e12301.
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Fernanda Guimarães Drummond e Silva, Beatriz Miralles, Blanca Hernández-Ledesma, Lourdes Amigo, Amadeu Hoshi Iglesias, Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes & Flavia Maria Netto. (2017) Influence of Protein–Phenolic Complex on the Antioxidant Capacity of Flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Products . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65:4, pages 800-809.
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Youn Young Shim, Clara M. Olivia, Jun Liu, Rineke Boonen, Jianheng Shen & Martin J. T. Reaney. (2016) Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Cyanogenic Glycosides in Gluten-free Bread Fortified with Flaxseed Meal. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64:50, pages 9551-9558.
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Jun Liu, Youn Young Shim, Jianheng Shen, Yong Wang, Supratim Ghosh & Martin J. T. Reaney. (2016) Variation of composition and functional properties of gum from six Canadian flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars . International Journal of Food Science & Technology 51:10, pages 2313-2326.
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Shyamchand Mayengbam, Sara Raposo, Michel Aliani & James D House. (2016) A Vitamin B-6 Antagonist from Flaxseed Perturbs Amino Acid Metabolism in Moderately Vitamin B-6–Deficient Male Rats. The Journal of Nutrition 146:1, pages 14-20.
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Jun Liu, Youn Young Shim, Aaron G. Poth & Martin J.T. Reaney. (2016) Conlinin in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) gum and its contribution to emulsification properties. Food Hydrocolloids 52, pages 963-971.
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Elena de la PeñaJae-Bom OhmSenay SimsekFrank A. Manthey. (2015) Physicochemical Changes in Nontraditional Pasta During Cooking. Cereal Chemistry Journal 92:6, pages 578-587.
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Ankit Goyal, Vivek Sharma, Neelam Upadhyay, A. K. Singh, Sumit Arora, Darshan Lal & Latha Sabikhi. (2014) Development of stable flaxseed oil emulsions as a potential delivery system of ω-3 fatty acids. Journal of Food Science and Technology 52:7, pages 4256-4265.
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Magdalena Matusiewicz, Iwona Kosieradzka, Magdalena Zuk & Jan Szopa. (2015) Effect of Dose and Administration Period of Seed Cake of Genetically Modified and Non-Modified Flax on Selected Antioxidative Activities in Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16:12, pages 14259-14275.
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Seth C. Yoder, Samuel M. Lancaster, Meredith A.J. Hullar & Johanna W. Lampe. 2015. Diet-Microbe Interactions in the Gut. Diet-Microbe Interactions in the Gut 103 117 .
Elena de la Peña, Frank A. Manthey, Bhavesh K. Patel & Osvaldo H. Campanella. (2014) Rheological properties of pasta dough during pasta extrusion: Effect of moisture and dough formulation. Journal of Cereal Science 60:2, pages 346-351.
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Ahmed M. Zeitoun, Marta Preisner, Anna Kulma, Lucyna Dymińska, Jerzy Hanuza, Michal Starzycki & Jan Szopa. (2014) Does biopolymers composition in seeds contribute to the flax resistance against the Fusarium infection? . Biotechnology Progress 30:5, pages 992-1004.
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Leila ZarepoorJenifer T. LuClaire ZhangWenqing WuDion LeppLindsay RobinsonJanitha WanasundaraSteve CuiSébastien VilleneuveBourlaye Fofana, Rong TsaoGeoffrey A. Wood & Krista A. Power. (2014) Dietary flaxseed intake exacerbates acute colonic mucosal injury and inflammation induced by dextran sodium sulfate. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 306:12, pages G1042-G1055.
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