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Original Articles

The shape school: Assessing executive function in preschool children

Pages 495-499 | Published online: 04 Nov 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (35)

Irina Patwardhan, Ying Guo, Emily R. Hamburger, Saira Sarwar, Charles B. Fleming, Tiffany D. James, Jennifer Mize Nelson, Kimberly Andrews Espy, Timothy D. Nelson & W. Alex Mason. (2023) Childhood executive control and adolescent substance use initiation: the mediating roles of physical and relational aggression and prosocial behavior. Child Neuropsychology 29:2, pages 235-254.
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Miranda Di Lorenzo, Mary Desrocher & Robyn Westmacott. (2022) The clinical utility of the behavior rating inventory of executive function in preschool children with a history of perinatal stroke. Applied Neuropsychology: Child 11:3, pages 429-437.
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C. V. G. Coelho, F. Ribeiro & A. F. Lopes. (2021) Assessment of the executive functions of moderate preterm children in preschool age. Applied Neuropsychology: Child 10:4, pages 308-318.
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Sonja Kälin & Claudia M. Roebers. (2021) Self-regulation in Preschool Children: Factor Structure of Different Measures of Effortful Control and Executive Functions. Journal of Cognition and Development 22:1, pages 48-67.
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Leanne Tamm & James Peugh. (2019) Concordance of teacher-rated and performance-based measures of executive functioning in preschoolers. Child Neuropsychology 25:3, pages 410-424.
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Xinyuan Zhang, Nicola Ballhausen, Si Liu, Matthias Kliegel & Lijuan Wang. (2019) The effects of ongoing task absorption on event-based prospective memory in preschoolers. European Journal of Developmental Psychology 16:2, pages 123-136.
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Michelle Downes, Christine Berg, Fenella J Kirkham, Laura Kischkel, Imogen McMurray & Michelle de Haan. (2018) Task utility and norms for the Preschool Executive Task Assessment (PETA). Child Neuropsychology 24:6, pages 784-798.
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Joana Rodrigues Rato, Filipa Ribeiro & Alexandre Castro-Caldas. (2018) Executive functioning of Portuguese preschoolers in the Shape School test: A cross cultural study. Applied Neuropsychology: Child 7:3, pages 200-207.
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Timothy D. Nelson, Tiffany D. James, Maren Hankey, Jennifer Mize Nelson, Alyssa Lundahl & Kimberly Andrews Espy. (2017) Early executive control and risk for overweight and obesity in elementary school. Child Neuropsychology 23:8, pages 994-1002.
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Allison M. Bock, Kristin C. Gallaway & Alycia M. Hund. (2015) Specifying Links Between Executive Functioning and Theory of Mind during Middle Childhood: Cognitive Flexibility Predicts Social Understanding. Journal of Cognition and Development 16:3, pages 509-521.
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Jennifer Mize Nelson, Hye-Jeong Choi, Caron A. C. Clark, Tiffany D. James, Hua Fang, Sandra A. Wiebe & Kimberly Andrews Espy. (2015) Sociodemographic risk and early environmental factors that contribute to resilience in executive control: A factor mixture model of 3-year-olds. Child Neuropsychology 21:3, pages 354-378.
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Timothy D. Nelson, Jennifer Mize Nelson, Katherine M. Kidwell, Tiffany D. James & Kimberly Andrews Espy. (2015) Preschool Sleep Problems and Differential Associations With Specific Aspects of Executive Control in Early Elementary School. Developmental Neuropsychology 40:3, pages 167-180.
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Jacqui A. Macdonald, Miriam H. Beauchamp, Judith A. Crigan & Peter J. Anderson. (2014) Age-related differences in inhibitory control in the early school years. Child Neuropsychology 20:5, pages 509-526.
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MichaelR. Miller, GeraldF. Giesbrecht, Ulrich Müller, RobertJ. McInerney & KimberlyA. Kerns. (2012) A Latent Variable Approach to Determining the Structure of Executive Function in Preschool Children. Journal of Cognition and Development 13:3, pages 395-423.
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Nicolas Chevalier, Tiffany D. Sheffield, Jennifer Mize Nelson, Caron A. C. Clark, Sandra A. Wiebe & Kimberly Andrews Espy. (2012) Underpinnings of the Costs of Flexibility in Preschool Children: The Roles of Inhibition and Working Memory. Developmental Neuropsychology 37:2, pages 99-118.
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Lucy Cragg & Nicolas Chevalier. (2012) The processes underlying flexibility in childhood. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65:2, pages 209-232.
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Michael Willoughby, Janis Kupersmidt, Mare Voegler-Lee & Donna Bryant. (2011) Contributions of Hot and Cool Self-Regulation to Preschool Disruptive Behavior and Academic Achievement. Developmental Neuropsychology 36:2, pages 162-180.
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Lianne J. Woodward, Caron A. C. Clark, Verena E. Pritchard, Peter J. Anderson & Terrie E. Inder. (2011) Neonatal White Matter Abnormalities Predict Global Executive Function Impairment in Children Born Very Preterm. Developmental Neuropsychology 36:1, pages 22-41.
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Alexis R. Lauricella, Rachel F. Barr & Sandra L. Calvert. (2009) Emerging Computer Skills. Journal of Children and Media 3:3, pages 217-233.
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MarieS. Burrage, Claire Cameron Ponitz, ElizabethA. McCready, Priti Shah, BrianC. Sims, AbigailM. Jewkes & FrederickJ. Morrison. (2008) Age- and Schooling-Related Effects on Executive Functions in Young Children: A Natural Experiment. Child Neuropsychology 14:6, pages 510-524.
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Rebecca Bull, Kimberly Andrews Espy & SandraA. Wiebe. (2008) Short-Term Memory, Working Memory, and Executive Functioning in Preschoolers: Longitudinal Predictors of Mathematical Achievement at Age 7 Years. Developmental Neuropsychology 33:3, pages 205-228.
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E. Mark Mahone & Jennifer Hoffman. (2007) Behavior Ratings of Executive Function among Preschoolers with ADHD. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 21:4, pages 569-586.
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MichèleM. M. Mazzocco & SaraT. Kover. (2007) A Longitudinal Assessment of Executive Function Skills and Their Association with Math Performance. Child Neuropsychology 13:1, pages 18-45.
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JuhaniE. Lehto & Anna-Katariina Uusitalo. (2006) Rule detection in preschool-aged children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology 3:3, pages 209-221.
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Helen L. St Clair-Thompson & Susan E. Gathercole. (2006) Executive functions and achievements in school: Shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 59:4, pages 745-759.
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Kimberly Andrews Espy & Rebecca Bull. (2005) Inhibitory Processes in Young Children and Individual Variation in Short-Term Memory. Developmental Neuropsychology 28:2, pages 669-688.
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Laura Stahl & Rene Pry. (2005) ATTENTIONAL FLEXIBILITY AND PERSEVERATION: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS IN YOUNG CHILDREN. Child Neuropsychology 11:2, pages 175-189.
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Kimberly Andrews Espy, Melanie M. McDiarmid, Mary F. Cwik, Melissa Meade Stalets, Arlena Hamby & Theresa E. Senn. (2004) The Contribution of Executive Functions to Emergent Mathematic Skills in Preschool Children. Developmental Neuropsychology 26:1, pages 465-486.
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Theresa E. Senn, Kimberly Andrews Espy & Paul M. Kaufmann. (2004) Using Path Analysis to Understand Executive Function Organization in Preschool Children. Developmental Neuropsychology 26:1, pages 445-464.
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Peter K. Isquith, Gerard A. Gioia & Kimberly Andrews Espy. (2004) Executive Function in Preschool Children: Examination Through Everyday Behavior. Developmental Neuropsychology 26:1, pages 403-422.
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Diana P. Smidts, Rani Jacobs & Vicki Anderson. (2004) The Object Classification Task for Children (OCTC): A Measure of Concept Generation and Mental Flexibility in Early Childhood. Developmental Neuropsychology 26:1, pages 385-401.
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Kimberly Andrews Espy. (2004) Using Developmental, Cognitive, and Neuroscience Approaches to Understand Executive Control in Young Children. Developmental Neuropsychology 26:1, pages 379-384.
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Kimberly Andrews Espy & MaryF. Cwik. (2004) The Development of a Trial Making Test in Young Children: The TRAILS-P. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 18:3, pages 411-422.
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Rebecca Bull & Gaia Scerif. (2001) Executive Functioning as a Predictor of Children's Mathematics Ability: Inhibition, Switching, and Working Memory. Developmental Neuropsychology 19:3, pages 273-293.
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Kimia Akhavein, Caron A.C. Clark, Jennifer Mize Nelson, Kimberly Andrews Espy & Jenna E. Finch. (2023) The longitudinal contributions of preschool executive functions and early math abilities to arithmetic skills in elementary school. Cognitive Development 68, pages 101388.
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Tashauna L. Blankenship & Melissa M. Kibbe. (2023) “Plan chunking” expands 3‐year‐olds' ability to complete multiple‐step plans. Child Development 94:5, pages 1330-1339.
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Lauren M. Laifer, Cara C. Tomaso, Olivia D. Chang, Eric M. Phillips, Tiffany D. James, Jennifer Mize Nelson, Kimberly Andrews Espy, W. Alex Mason & Timothy D. Nelson. (2023) Early executive control buffers risk for adolescent psychopathology during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of Adolescence 95:6, pages 1205-1219.
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Katarzyna Bobrowicz & Jean-Pierre Thibaut. (2023) The Development of Flexible Problem Solving: An Integrative Approach. Journal of Intelligence 11:6, pages 119.
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Michael T. Willoughby, Marie Camerota, Katherine Merseth King, Tabitha Nduku & Benjamin Piper. (2023) Leveraging item-level accuracy and reaction time to address ceiling effects in the measurement of inhibitory control in preschool-aged children. Frontiers in Psychology 14.
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E. Reindl, C. J. Völter, Z. Civelek, L. Duncan, Z. Lugosi, E. Felsche, E. Herrmann, J. Call & A. M. Seed. (2023) The shifting shelf task: a new, non-verbal measure for attentional set shifting. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 290:1991.
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Ricardo Rosas, Victoria Espinoza, Camila Martínez & Catalina Santa-Cruz. (2022) Playful Testing of Executive Functions with Yellow-Red: Tablet-Based Battery for Children between 6 and 11. Journal of Intelligence 10:4, pages 125.
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Kristin French, Michael J. Beran, Kimberly Andrews Espy & David A. Washburn. (2018) Simians in the Shape School: A comparative study of executive attention. Learning & Behavior 46:3, pages 281-293.
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Anna Peng, Natasha Z. Kirkham & Denis Mareschal. (2018) Task switching costs in preschool children and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 172, pages 59-72.
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Levi C. Ofoe, Julie D. Anderson & Katerina Ntourou. (2018) Short-Term Memory, Inhibition, and Attention in Developmental Stuttering: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61:7, pages 1626-1648.
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Emma Blakey & Daniel J. Carroll. (2018) Not All Distractions Are the Same: Investigating Why Preschoolers Make Distraction Errors When Switching. Child Development 89:2, pages 609-619.
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M. Nieto, L. Ros, J.J. Ricarte & J.M. Latorre. (2018) The role of executive functions in accessing specific autobiographical memories in 3- to 6- year-olds. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 43, pages 23-32.
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Ram Naaman & Liat Goldfarb. (2017) The Influence of Gain and Loss on Arithmetic Performance. Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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Elena Escolano-Pérez, Maria Luisa Herrero-Nivela, Angel Blanco-Villaseñor & M. Teresa Anguera. (2017) Systematic Observation: Relevance of This Approach in Preschool Executive Function Assessment and Association with Later Academic Skills. Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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Katherine M. Kidwell, Maren Hankey, Jennifer Mize Nelson, Kimberly Andrews Espy & Timothy D. Nelson. (2017) Child Executive Control as a Moderator of the Longitudinal Association Between Sleep Problems and Subsequent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 42:10, pages 1144-1155.
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Emma Blakey, Ingmar Visser & Daniel J. Carroll. (2015) Different Executive Functions Support Different Kinds of Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence From 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐Year‐Olds. Child Development 87:2, pages 513-526.
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Matthew D. Lerner & Christopher J. Lonigan. (2014) Executive Function Among Preschool Children: Unitary Versus Distinct Abilities. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 36:4, pages 626-639.
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H. Memisevic & O. Sinanovic. (2014) Executive function in children with intellectual disability - the effects of sex, level and aetiology of intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 58:9, pages 830-837.
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Leanne Tamm, Paul A. Nakonezny & Carroll W. Hughes. (2012) An Open Trial of a Metacognitive Executive Function Training for Young Children With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 18:6, pages 551-559.
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