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Research Article

Trends in Illicit Drug Emergencies: The Emerging Role of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate

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Pages 129-135 | Published online: 17 Jun 2002

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Peter Stockham, Emma Partridge, Sam Alfred, Laura Boyle, Andrew Camilleri, Hannah Green, Daniel Haustead, Melissa Humphries, Chris Kostakis & Jake Mallon. (2023) Characteristics of analytically confirmed gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) positive patients in the emergency department: presentation, poly-drug use, disposition and impact on intensive care resource utilisation. Clinical Toxicology 61:4, pages 241-247.
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Rebekah Brennan & Marie Claire Van Hout. (2014) Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB): A Scoping Review of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Motives for Use, and User Groups. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 46:3, pages 243-251.
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Leo J Schep, Kai Knudsen, Robin J Slaughter, J Allister Vale & Bruno Mégarbane. (2012) The clinical toxicology of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol. Clinical Toxicology 50:6, pages 458-470.
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Christian Grov, Brian C. Kelly & Jeffrey T. Parsons. (2009) Polydrug Use Among Club-Going Young Adults Recruited Through Time-Space Sampling. Substance Use & Misuse 44:6, pages 848-864.
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Shirley J. Semple, Steffanie A. Strathdee, Jim Zians & Thomas L. Patterson. (2009) Sexual Risk Behavior Associated with Co-administration of Methamphetamine and Other Drugs in a Sample of HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men. American Journal on Addictions 18:1, pages 65-72.
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Fridtjof Heyerdahl, Maria Bjornas, Knut Erik Hovda, Karina Skog, Anders Opdahl, Cecilie Wium, Oivind Ekeberg & Dag Jacobsen. (2008) Acute poisonings treated in hospitals in Oslo: A one-year prospective study (II): Clinical outcome. Clinical Toxicology 46:1, pages 42-49.
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Kai Knudsen, Joachim Greter & Mario Verdicchio. (2008) High mortality rates among GHB abusers in Western Sweden. Clinical Toxicology 46:3, pages 187-192.
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K.E. Hovda, M.A. Bjornaas, K. Skog, A. Opdahl, P. Drottning, O. Ekeberg & D. Jacobsen. (2008) Acute poisonings treated in hospitals in Oslo: A one-year prospective study (I): Pattern of poisoning. Clinical Toxicology 46:1, pages 35-41.
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Diederik K. Van Sassenbroeck, Nikolaas De Neve, Peter De Paepe, Frans M. Belpaire, Alain G. Verstraete, Paul A. Calle & Walter A. Buylaert. (2007) Abrupt awakening phenomenon associated with gamma-hydroxybutyrate use: A case series. Clinical Toxicology 45:5, pages 533-538.
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Deborah L. Zvosec, Stephen W. Smith, Regina Litonjua & Richard E.J. Westfal. (2007) Physostigmine for gamma-hydroxybutyrate coma: Inefficacy, adverse events, and review. Clinical Toxicology 45:3, pages 261-265.
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Uttam Garg, David Scott$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Mike Kiscoan, Jeff Knoblauch, C. Clinton Frazee$suffix/text()$suffix/text() & Gary Wasserman. (2007) Letter to the Editor: “Use of urine organic acids method for the analysis of gamma-hydroxybutric acid (GHB): Importance of urease in eliminating urea interference”. Clinical Toxicology 45:2, pages 194-196.
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M. A. Bjornaas, K. E. Hovda, H. Mikalsen, E. Andrew, N. Rudberg, O. Ekeberg & D. Jacobsen. (2006) Clinical vs. Laboratory Identification of Drugs of Abuse in Patients Admitted for Acute Poisoning. Clinical Toxicology 44:2, pages 127-134.
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Louisa Degenhardt, Jan Copeland & Paul Dillon. (2005) Recent Trends in the Use of “Club Drugs”: An Australian Review. Substance Use & Misuse 40:9-10, pages 1241-1256.
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RobertS. Gable. (2004) Acute Toxic Effects of Club Drugs. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 36:3, pages 303-313.
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Madelaine Abid, Jana Kietzerow, Stefanie Iwersen‐Bergmann, Tino Schnitgerhans & Hilke Andresen‐Streichert. (2021) Characteristics and dose‐effect relationship of clinical gamma‐hydroxybutyrate intoxication: A case series. Journal of Forensic Sciences 67:1, pages 416-427.
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Sushabhan Sadhukhan, Guo-Fang Zhang & Gregory P. Tochtrop. (2014) Modular Isotopomer Synthesis of γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid for a Quantitative Analysis of Metabolic Fates. ACS Chemical Biology 9:8, pages 1706-1711.
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Christian Berchtold, Stefan Schmid, Lukas Meier & Renato Zenobi. (2013) In situ detection of γ-hydroxybutyrate and γ-butyrolactone in drinks by secondary electrospray ionization. Anal. Methods 5:4, pages 844-850.
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