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Research Article

The Application of the Fluoride Reactivation Process to the Detection of Sarin and Soman Nerve Agent Exposures in Biological Samples

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Pages 77-91 | Published online: 02 Nov 2004

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Yu Huilan, Dong Junjun, Hu Zhen, Pei Chengxin, Liu Shilei & Xiang Yu. (2016) Synthesis and analysis of phosphorylated nonapeptide adducts by LC/Q-TOF MS. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 191:1, pages 111-116.
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Mabruka H. Tarhoni, Timothy Lister, David E. Ray & Wayne G. Carter. (2008) Albumin binding as a potential biomarker of exposure to moderately low levels of organophosphorus pesticides. Biomarkers 13:4, pages 343-363.
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P. A. Dabisch, E. A. Davis, J. A. Renner, E. M. Jakubowski, R. J. Mioduszewski & S. A. Thomson. (2008) Biomarkers of Low-Level Exposure to Soman Vapor: Comparison of Fluoride Regeneration to Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. Inhalation Toxicology 20:2, pages 149-156.
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Christopher E. Whalley, Jeffrey M. McGuire, Dennis B. Miller, Edward M. Jakubowski, Robert J. Mioduszewski, Sandra A. Thomson, Lucille A. Lumley, John H. McDonough & Tsung-Ming A. Shih. (2007) Kinetics of Sarin (GB) Following a Single Sublethal Inhalation Exposure in the Guinea Pig. Inhalation Toxicology 19:8, pages 667-681.
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Articles from other publishers (48)

Jin Wang, Xiaogang Lu, Runli Gao, Chengxin Pei & Hongmei Wang. (2022) Current Progress for Retrospective Identification of Nerve Agent Biomarkers in Biological Samples after Exposure. Toxics 10:8, pages 439.
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Marianne Koller, Horst Thiermann, Franz Worek & Timo Wille. (2021) Release of protein-bound nerve agents by excess fluoride from whole blood: GC-MS/MS method development, validation, and application to a real-life denatured blood sample. Journal of Chromatography B 1179, pages 122693.
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T. M. Baygildiev, A. V. Braun, M. F. Vokuev, A. N. Stavrianidi, I. V. Rybalchenko & I. A. Rodin. (2020) Identification of Adducts of O-Isopropylmethylphosphonic and O-Cyclohexylmethylphosphonic Acids with a Tripeptide (Tyr-Thr-Lys) in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 75:13, pages 1736-1742.
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A. V. Braun, Ya. V. Stavitskaya, T. M. Baigil’diev, D. V. Oreshkin, I. V. Rybal’chenko & I. A. Rodin. (2020) Determination of Cyclohexylmethylfluorophosphonate Metabolites in Human Blood Plasma Using High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 75:6, pages 783-791.
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Nilotpal Borah, Sagnik De, Abhijit Gogoi & Gopal Das. (2020) A series of benzothiazole-based Schiff bases for the colorimetric sensing of fluoride and acetate ions: acetate-induced turn-on fluorescence for selectivity. New Journal of Chemistry.
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M.J. van der Schans. 2020. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 969 981 .
Jeffery M. Gearhart, Peter J. Robinson & Edward M. Jakubowski. 2020. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 945 952 .
Merav Blanca, Avital Shifrovitch, Moran Madmon, Maor Elgarisi, Shlomit Dachir, Shlomi Lazar, Shlomi Baranes, Inbal Egoz, Meir Avraham, Hani Dekel Jaoui, Shai Dagan & Avi Weissberg. (2019) Retrospective determination of regenerated nerve agent sarin in human blood by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and in vivo implementation in rabbit. Archives of Toxicology 94:1, pages 103-111.
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N. L. Koryagina, T. I. Aliushina, G. V. Karakashev, E. I. Savel’eva, N. S. Khlebnikova & A. S. Radilov. (2019) Determination of Phosphonylated Tyrosine as a Marker of Exposure to Nerve Agents in Dried Blood Plasma Spots by HPLC–HRMS/MS. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 74:13, pages 1341-1348.
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A. N. Stavrianidi, A. V. Braun, E. A. Stekolshchikova, T. M. Baygildiev, I. A. Rodin & I. V. Rybalchenko. (2019) Selection of Recording Conditions and Study of Fragmentation of a Peptide Biomarker of Sarin by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 73:14, pages 1357-1363.
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Christopher M. Timperley, Jonathan E. Forman, Mohammad Abdollahi, Abdullah Saeed Al-Amri, Isel Pascual Alonso, Augustin Baulig, Veronica Borrett, Flerida A. Cariño, Christophe Curty, David González Berrutti, Zrinka Kovarik, Roberto Martínez-Álvarez, Robert Mikulak, Nicia Maria Fusaro Mourão, Ramasami Ponnadurai, Slawomir Neffe, Syed K. Raza, Valentin Rubaylo, Koji Takeuchi, Cheng Tang, Ferruccio Trifirò, Francois Mauritz van Straten, Paula S. Vanninen, Volodymyr Zaitsev, Farhat Waqar, Mongia Saïd Zina, Marc-Michael Blum, Hugh Gregg, Elena Fischer, Siqing Sun & Pei Yang. (2018) Advice on chemical weapons sample stability and storage provided by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to increase investigative capabilities worldwide. Talanta 188, pages 808-832.
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Maud Bonichon, Valentina Valbi, Audrey Combès, Charlotte Desoubries, Anne Bossée & Valérie Pichon. (2017) Online coupling of immunoextraction, digestion, and microliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of sarin and soman-butyrylcholinesterase adducts in human plasma. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 410:3, pages 1039-1051.
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Jun-Yeol Yoon, Dong-Hwan Kim, Sangkyu Kim, Dain Kim, Gyunghee Jo, Moon-Sik Shin, Jeongha Yoo, Heui Keun Kang, Min Soo Kim, Young-Jin Kim, Nam-Taek Lee, Hyo Jeong Hong & Yoon-Won Kim. (2017) Generation of a monoclonal antibody that has reduced binding activity to VX-inactivated butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) compared to BuChE by phage display. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 22:2, pages 114-119.
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Leigh Ann Graham, Darryl Johnson, Melissa D. Carter, Emily G. Stout, Huseyin A. Erol, Samantha L. Isenberg, Thomas P. Mathews, Jerry D. Thomas & Rudolph C. Johnson. (2017) A high-throughput UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of five aged butyrylcholinesterase biomarkers from human exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. Biomedical Chromatography 31:4, pages e3830.
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Thomas P. Mathews, Melissa D. Carter, Darryl Johnson, Samantha L. Isenberg, Leigh Ann Graham, Jerry D. Thomas & Rudolph C. Johnson. (2017) High-Confidence Qualitative Identification of Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Adducts to Human Butyrylcholinesterase. Analytical Chemistry 89:3, pages 1955-1964.
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Zygfryd Witkiewicz, Ewa Sliwka & Slawomir Neffe. (2016) Chromatographic analysis of chemical compounds related to the Chemical Weapons Convention. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 85, pages 21-33.
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Amanda S. Appel & Brian A. Logue. (2016) Analysis of nerve agent metabolites from nail clippings by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B 1031, pages 116-122.
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Amanda S. Appel, John H. McDonough, Joseph D. McMonagle & Brian A. Logue. (2016) Analysis of Nerve Agent Metabolites from Hair for Long-Term Verification of Nerve Agent Exposure. Analytical Chemistry 88:12, pages 6523-6530.
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Yoon Jeong Jang, Kibong Kim, Olga G. Tsay, David A. Atwood & David G. Churchill. (2015) Update 1 of: Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Chemical Reviews 115:24, pages PR1-PR76.
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Oksana Lockridge, Lawrence M. Schopfer & Patrick Masson. 2015. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 953 965 .
Jeffery M. Gearhart, Peter J. Robinson & Edward M. Jakubowski. 2015. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 875 882 .
Brian S. Crow, Brooke G. Pantazides, Jennifer Quiñones-González, Joshua W. Garton, Melissa D. Carter, Jonas W. Perez, Caroline M. Watson, Dennis J. Tomcik, Michael D. Crenshaw, Bobby N. Brewer, James R. Riches, Sarah J. Stubbs, Robert W. Read, Ronald A. Evans, Jerry D. Thomas, Thomas A. Blake & Rudolph C. Johnson. (2014) Simultaneous Measurement of Tabun, Sarin, Soman, Cyclosarin, VR, VX, and VM Adducts to Tyrosine in Blood Products by Isotope Dilution UHPLC-MS/MS. Analytical Chemistry 86:20, pages 10397-10405.
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Brooke G. Pantazides, Caroline M. Watson, Melissa D. Carter, Brian S. Crow, Jonas W. Perez, Thomas A. Blake, Jerry D. Thomas & Rudolph C. Johnson. (2014) An enhanced butyrylcholinesterase method to measure organophosphorus nerve agent exposure in humans. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 406:21, pages 5187-5194.
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Jin Young Lee & Yong Han Lee. (2014) Improvements to the Fluoride Reactivation Method by Simple Organic Extraction for Retrospective Detection of Exposure to the Organophosphorus Nerve Agents in Human Plasma. International Journal of Analytical Mass Spectrometry and Chromatography 02:03, pages 65-76.
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Melissa D. Carter, Brian S. Crow, Brooke G. Pantazides, Caroline M. Watson, Jerry D. Thomas, Thomas A. Blake & Rudolph C. Johnson. (2013) Direct Quantitation of Methyl Phosphonate Adducts to Human Serum Butyrylcholinesterase by Immunomagnetic-UHPLC-MS/MS. Analytical Chemistry 85:22, pages 11106-11111.
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Robin M. Black & Robert W. Read. (2013) Biological markers of exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. Archives of Toxicology 87:3, pages 421-437.
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Sigeng Chen & John R. Cashman. 2013. 207 233 .
Lawrence M. Schopfer & Oksana Lockridge. (2012) Analytical approaches for monitoring exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate agents through analysis of protein adducts. Drug Testing and Analysis 4:3-4, pages 246-261.
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Kibong Kim, Olga G. Tsay, David A. Atwood & David G. Churchill. (2011) Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Chemical Reviews 111:9, pages 5345-5403.
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Dan Du, Jun Wang, Limin Wang, Donglai Lu, Jordan N. Smith, Charles Timchalk & Yuehe Lin. (2011) Magnetic Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Biomonitoring of Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides and Nerve Agents Based on Simultaneous Measurement of Total Enzyme Amount and Enzyme Activity. Analytical Chemistry 83:10, pages 3770-3777.
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J. Richard Smith & Benedict R. Capacio. 2011. Detection of Biological Agents for the Prevention of Bioterrorism. Detection of Biological Agents for the Prevention of Bioterrorism 181 199 .
Oksana Lockridge & Lawrence M. Schopfer. (2010) Review of tyrosine and lysine as new motifs for organophosphate binding to proteins that have no active site serine. Chemico-Biological Interactions 187:1-3, pages 344-348.
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Marianne Koller, Christian Becker, Horst Thiermann & Franz Worek. (2010) GC–MS and LC–MS analysis of nerve agents in body fluids: Intra-laboratory verification test using spiked plasma and urine samples. Journal of Chromatography B 878:17-18, pages 1226-1233.
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Robin M. Black. (2010) History and perspectives of bioanalytical methods for chemical warfare agent detection. Journal of Chromatography B 878:17-18, pages 1207-1215.
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Wayne G. Carter, Mabruka H. Tarhoni & David E. Ray. (2010) Analytical approaches to investigate protein–pesticide adducts. Journal of Chromatography B 878:17-18, pages 1312-1319.
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Hasmik Grigoryan, Lawrence M. Schopfer, Eric S. Peeples, Ellen G. Duysen, Marine Grigoryan, Charles M. Thompson & Oksana Lockridge. (2009) Mass spectrometry identifies multiple organophosphorylated sites on tubulin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 240:2, pages 149-158.
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Raymond F. Genovese, Bernard J. Benton, Christina C. Johnson & E. Michael Jakubowski. (2009) Assessment of low level whole-body soman vapor exposure in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 31:2, pages 110-118.
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Raymond F. Genovese, Robert J. Mioduszewski, Bernard J. Benton, Matthew A. Pare & Jessica A. Cooksey. (2009) Behavioral evaluation of rats following low-level inhalation exposure to sarin. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 91:4, pages 517-525.
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Oksana Lockridge, Lawrence M. Schopfer & Patrick Masson. 2009. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 847 858 .
Jeffery M. Gearhart, Peter J. Robinson & Edward M. Jakubowski. 2009. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 791 798 .
Shi-Jian Ding, John Carr, James E. Carlson, Larry Tong, Weihua Xue, Yifeng Li, Lawrence M. Schopfer, Bin Li, Florian Nachon, Oluwatoyin Asojo, Charles M. Thompson, Steven H. Hinrichs, Patrick Masson & Oksana Lockridge. (2008) Five Tyrosines and Two Serines in Human Albumin Are Labeled by the Organophosphorus Agent FP-Biotin. Chemical Research in Toxicology 21:9, pages 1787-1794.
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Hai-Hong BAI, Lei GUO, Jian-Lin FENG, Feng Cui-Ling, Jia CHEN & Jian-Wei XIE. (2008) Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Sarin Exposures in Human Serum by Fluoride Reactivation Method. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 36:9, pages 1269-1272.
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Harald John, Franz Worek & Horst Thiermann. (2008) LC-MS-based procedures for monitoring of toxic organophosphorus compounds and verification of pesticide and nerve agent poisoning. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 391:1, pages 97-116.
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Bin Li, Florian Nachon, Marie-Thérèse Froment, Laurent Verdier, Jean-Claude Debouzy, Bernardo Brasme, Emilie Gillon, Lawrence M. Schopfer, Oksana Lockridge & Patrick Masson. (2008) Binding and Hydrolysis of Soman by Human Serum Albumin. Chemical Research in Toxicology 21:2, pages 421-431.
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Julian Haigh, Richard Gordon, Benedict Capacio, John Barr, Brian Lukey & J Richard Smith. 2007. Chemical Warfare Agents. Chemical Warfare Agents.
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Bin Li, Lawrence M. Schopfer, Steven H. Hinrichs, Patrick Masson & Oksana Lockridge. (2007) Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry assay for organophosphorus toxicants bound to human albumin at Tyr411. Analytical Biochemistry 361:2, pages 263-272.
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