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Molecular and Cellular Biology Volume 16, 1996 - Issue 7
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Research Article

Oncogenic Ras Activation of Raf/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Independent Pathways Is Sufficient To Cause Tumorigenic Transformation

Roya Khosravi-Far1 Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599-7365;2 Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599-7365
,
Michael A. White3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York11724
,
John K. Westwick2 Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599-7365
,
Patricia A. Solski2 Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599-7365
,
Magdalena Chrzanowska-Wodnicka4 Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599-7365
,
Linda Van Aelst3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York11724
,
Michael H. Wigler3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York11724
&
Channing J. Der1 Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599-7365;2 Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599-7365Correspondence[email protected]
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Pages 3923-3933 | Received 20 Feb 1996, Accepted 30 Apr 1996, Published online: 29 Mar 2023

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Richard G. Hodge, Antje Schaefer, Sarah V. Howard & Channing J. Der. (2020) RAS and RHO family GTPase mutations in cancer: twin sons of different mothers?. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 55:4, pages 386-407.
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Joanna HM Tong, Raymond WM Lung, Frankie MC Sin, Peggy PY Law, Wei Kang, Anthony WH Chan, Brigette BY Ma, Tony WC Mak, Simon SM Ng & Ka Fai To. (2014) Characterization of rare transforming KRAS mutations in sporadic colorectal cancer. Cancer Biology & Therapy 15:6, pages 768-776.
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Chiang-Min Cheng, Huiling Li, Stéphane Gasman, Jian Huang, Rachel Schiff & Eric C. Chang. (2011) Compartmentalized Ras Proteins Transform NIH 3T3 Cells with Different Efficiencies . Molecular and Cellular Biology 31:5, pages 983-997.
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Kian-Huat Lim, Donita C. Brady, David F. Kashatus, Brooke B. Ancrile, Channing J. Der, Adrienne D. Cox & Christopher M. Counter. (2010) Aurora-A Phosphorylates, Activates, and Relocalizes the Small GTPase RalA. Molecular and Cellular Biology 30:2, pages 508-523.
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Michela Palmisano, Tiziana Grafone, Matteo Renzulli, Emanuela Ottaviani, Nicoletta Testoni, Stefania Paolini, Cristina Papayannidis, Michele Baccarani & Giovanni Martinelli. (2008) Molecular and chromosomal alterations: new therapies for relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Hematology 13:1, pages 1-12.
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Robert L. Kortum & Robert E. Lewis. (2004) The Molecular Scaffold KSR1 Regulates the Proliferative and Oncogenic Potential of Cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 24:10, pages 4407-4416.
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Yuri V. Fedorov, Nathan C. Jones & Bradley B. Olwin. (2002) Atypical Protein Kinase Cs Are the Ras Effectors That Mediate Repression of Myogenic Satellite Cell Differentiation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 22:4, pages 1140-1149.
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Ying Wang, Richard T. Waldron, Ajay Dhaka, Apoor Patel, Maggie M. Riley, Enrique Rozengurt & John Colicelli. (2002) The RAS Effector RIN1 Directly Competes with RAF and Is Regulated by 14-3-3 Proteins. Molecular and Cellular Biology 22:3, pages 916-926.
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Yvona Ward, Warner Wang, Elisa Woodhouse, Ilona Linnoila, Lance Liotta & Kathleen Kelly. (2001) Signal Pathways Which Promote Invasion and Metastasis: Critical and Distinct Contributions of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and Ral-Specific Guanine Exchange Factor Pathways. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21:17, pages 5958-5969.
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Aidan McFall, Aylin ülkuü, Que T. Lambert, Andrea Kusa, Kelley Rogers-Graham & Channing J. Der. (2001) Oncogenic Ras Blocks Anoikis by Activation of a Novel Effector Pathway Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21:16, pages 5488-5499.
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Marta Rosário, Hugh F. Paterson & Christopher J. Marshall. (2001) Activation of the Ral and Phosphatidylinositol 3′ Kinase Signaling Pathways by the Ras-Related Protein TC21. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21:11, pages 3750-3762.
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John M. Schmitt & Philip J. S. Stork. (2001) Cyclic AMP-Mediated Inhibition of Cell Growth Requires the Small G Protein Rap1. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21:11, pages 3671-3683.
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Antoine E. Karnoub, Channing J. Der & Sharon L. Campbell. (2001) The Insert Region of Rac1 Is Essential for Membrane Ruffling but Not Cellular Transformation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21:8, pages 2847-2857.
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Swati Gupta, Rina Plattner, Channing J. Der & Eric J. Stanbridge. (2000) Dissection of Ras-Dependent Signaling Pathways Controlling Aggressive Tumor Growth of Human Fibrosarcoma Cells: Evidence for a Potential Novel Pathway. Molecular and Cellular Biology 20:24, pages 9294-9306.
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Carole Peyssonnaux, Sylvain Provot, Marie Paule Felder-Schmittbuhl, Georges Calothy & Alain Eychène. (2000) Induction of Postmitotic Neuroretina Cell Proliferation by Distinct Ras Downstream Signaling Pathways. Molecular and Cellular Biology 20:19, pages 7068-7079.
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Caterina Missero, Maria Teresa Pirro & Roberto Di Lauro. (2000) Multiple Ras Downstream Pathways Mediate Functional Repression of the Homeobox Gene Product TTF-1. Molecular and Cellular Biology 20:8, pages 2783-2793.
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Ian P. Whitehead, Que T. Lambert, Judith A. Glaven, Karon Abe, Kent L. Rossman, Gwendolyn M. Mahon, James M. Trzaskos, Robert Kay, Sharon L. Campbell & Channing J. Der. (1999) Dependence of Dbl and Dbs Transformation on MEK and NF-κB Activation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 19:11, pages 7759-7770.
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Masako Osada, Tatyana Tolkacheva, Weiqun Li, Tung O. Chan, Philip N. Tsichlis, Rosana Saez, Alec C. Kimmelman & Andrew M.-L. Chan. (1999) Differential Roles of Akt, Rac, and Ral in R-Ras-Mediated Cellular Transformation, Adhesion, and Survival. Molecular and Cellular Biology 19:9, pages 6333-6344.
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Robbert H. Cool, Gudula Schmidt, Christian U. Lenzen, Heino Prinz, Dorothee Vogt & Alfred Wittinghofer. (1999) The Ras Mutant D119N Is Both Dominant Negative and Activated. Molecular and Cellular Biology 19:9, pages 6297-6305.
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Tom Joneson & Dafna Bar-Sagi. (1999) Suppression of Ras-Induced Apoptosis by the Rac GTPase. Molecular and Cellular Biology 19:9, pages 5892-5901.
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Yi Tang, Jong Yu & Jeffrey Field. (1999) Signals from the Ras, Rac, and Rho GTPases Converge on the Pak Protein Kinase in Rat-1 Fibroblasts. Molecular and Cellular Biology 19:3, pages 1881-1891.
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Gwo-Jen Day, Raymond D. Mosteller & Daniel Broek. (1998) Distinct Subclasses of Small GTPases Interact with Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors in a Similar Manner. Molecular and Cellular Biology 18:12, pages 7444-7454.
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Ian P. Whitehead, Karon Abe, Jerome L. Gorski & Channing J. Der. (1998) CDC42 and FGD1 Cause Distinct Signaling and Transforming Activities. Molecular and Cellular Biology 18:8, pages 4689-4697.
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Marsha J. Miller, Lise Rioux, Gregory V. Prendergast, Sarah Cannon, Michael A. White & Judy L. Meinkoth. (1998) Differential Effects of Protein Kinase A on Ras Effector Pathways. Molecular and Cellular Biology 18:7, pages 3718-3726.
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Jaw-Ji Yang, Jong-Sun Kang & Robert S. Krauss. (1998) Ras Signals to the Cell Cycle Machinery via Multiple Pathways To Induce Anchorage-Independent Growth. Molecular and Cellular Biology 18:5, pages 2586-2595.
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Irene E. Zohn, Marc Symons, Magdalena Chrzanowska-Wodnicka, John K. Westwick & Channing J. Der. (1998) Mas Oncogene Signaling and Transformation Require the Small GTP-Binding Protein Rac. Molecular and Cellular Biology 18:3, pages 1225-1235.
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Yi Tang, Zunxuan Chen, Diane Ambrose, Jianhua Liu, Jackson B. Gibbs, Jonathan Chernoff & Jeffrey Field. (1997) Kinase-Deficient Pak1 Mutants Inhibit Ras Transformation of Rat-1 Fibroblasts. Molecular and Cellular Biology 17:8, pages 4454-4464.
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Melissa B. Ramocki, Sally E. Johnson, Michael A. White, Curtis L. Ashendel, Stephen F. Konieczny & Elizabeth J. Taparowsky. (1997) Signaling through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Rac/Rho Does Not Duplicate the Effects of Activated Ras on Skeletal Myogenesis. Molecular and Cellular Biology 17:7, pages 3547-3555.
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Rong-Guo Qiu, Arie Abo, Frank McCormick & Marc Symons. (1997) Cdc42 Regulates Anchorage-Independent Growth and Is Necessary for Ras Transformation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 17:6, pages 3449-3458.
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Stacey Stang, Drell Bottorff & James C. Stone. (1997) Interaction of Activated Ras with Raf-1 Alone May Be Sufficient for Transformation of rat2 Cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 17:6, pages 3047-3055.
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Alan J. Whitmarsh, Shen-Hsi Yang, Michael S.-S. Su, Andrew D. Sharrocks & Roger J. Davis. (1997) Role of p38 and JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in the Activation of Ternary Complex Factors. Molecular and Cellular Biology 17:5, pages 2360-2371.
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John K. Westwick, Que T. Lambert, Geoffrey J. Clark, Marc Symons, Linda Van Aelst, Richard G. Pestell & Channing J. Der. (1997) Rac Regulation of Transformation, Gene Expression, and Actin Organization by Multiple, PAK-Independent Pathways. Molecular and Cellular Biology 17:3, pages 1324-1335.
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Suzanne M. Graham, Anne B. Vojtek, Shayne Y. Huff, Adrienne D. Cox, Geoffrey J. Clark, Jonathan A. Cooper & Channing J. Der. (1996) TC21 Causes Transformation by Raf-Independent Signaling Pathways. Molecular and Cellular Biology 16:11, pages 6132-6140.
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