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Original Articles

Dimensions of Good and Poor Handwriting Legibility in First and Second Graders: Motor Programs, Visual–Spatial Arrangement, and Letter Formation Parameter Setting

Pages 43-60 | Published online: 08 Jun 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (9)

Karen Ray, Kerry Dally & Alison E. Lane. (2022) Impact of A Co-taught Handwriting Intervention for Kindergarten Children in A School Setting: A Pilot, Single Cohort Study. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention 15:3, pages 244-264.
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Verónica Gil, Sara C. de León & Juan E. Jiménez. (2021) Universal Screening for Writing Risk in Spanish-Speaking First Graders. Reading & Writing Quarterly 37:2, pages 117-135.
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Lee Ann Fancher$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Deborah A. Priestley-Hopkins$suffix/text()$suffix/text() & Lynn M. Jeffries$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2018) Handwriting Acquisition and Intervention: A Systematic Review. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention 11:4, pages 454-473.
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Gloria Frolek Clark$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2016) The occupations of literacy: Occupational therapy’s role. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention 9:1, pages 27-37.
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Gloria Frolek Clark & Gayle Luze. (2014) Predicting Handwriting Performance in Kindergarteners Using Reading, Fine-Motor, and Visual-Motor Measures. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention 7:1, pages 29-44.
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Whitney Reidlinger, Catherine Candler & Marsha Neville. (2012) Comparison of Differently Lined Paper on Letter Production Quality in First Graders. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention 5:2, pages 155-164.
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Sara Rosenblum. (2012) Validity and reliability of the Time Organisation and Participation Scale (TOPS). Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 22:1, pages 65-84.
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Winifred Schultz-Krohn, Amara Boener, Huy Dinh & Monica Phelan. (2008) Handwriting Without Tears—A Short-Term Intervention for Children Living in a Homeless Shelter. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention 1:3-4, pages 271-282.
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Karen Laurie Roston, Jim Hinojosa & Howard Kaplan. (2008) Using the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment and Handwriting Checklist in Screening First and Second Graders' Handwriting Legibility. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention 1:2, pages 100-115.
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Articles from other publishers (63)

Tuğba PÜRSÜN. (2023) Yazma Güçlüğü Olan Üçüncü Sınıf Öğrencisinin Yazma Becerisinin Geliştirilmesi. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education.
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Rafat Ghanamah, Hazar Eghbaria-Ghanamah, Avi Karni & Esther Adi-Japha. (2023) Dot-to-dot practice enhances Children's handwriting: The advantage of a multi-session training protocol. Learning and Instruction 86, pages 101756.
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Sibylle Hurschler Lichtsteiner, Melanie Nideröst, Carlo Di Brina, Christian Marquardt, Stefanie Wyss, Alois Buholzer & Werner Wicki. (2023) Effectiveness of Psychomotor Therapy among Children with Graphomotor Impairment with and without DCD-Diagnosis. Children 10:6, pages 964.
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Cameron Downing & Markéta Caravolas. (2023) Evaluating the Spelling and Handwriting Legibility Test (SaHLT): a tool for the concurrent assessment of spelling and handwriting. Reading and Writing.
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Dorit Aram, Hadar Hazan & Michal Zohar. (2022) Characteristics of preschoolers' early spelling in Hebrew. Reading and Writing 36:3, pages 491-515.
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Antonio Iniesta, María Teresa Bajo, Marta Rivera & Daniela Paolieri. (2022) Transfer effects from language processing to visual attention dynamics: The impact of orthographic transparency. British Journal of Psychology 114:1, pages 86-111.
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Abeer Salameh-Matar, Nasir Basal & Naomi Weintraub. (2022) Factors affecting cross-linguistic transfer of handwriting performance among elementary-school bilingual students. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 85:12, pages 947-954.
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Kathryn P. Mathwin, Christine Chapparo & Joanne Hinnit. (2021) Children with handwriting difficulties: developing orthographic knowledge of alphabet-letters to improve capacity to write alphabet symbols. Reading and Writing 35:4, pages 919-942.
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Yang Yang, Zhentao Zuo, Fred Tam, Simon J. Graham, Junjun Li, Yuzhu Ji, Zelong Meng, Chanyuan Gu, Hong‐Yan Bi, Jian Ou & Min Xu. (2021) The brain basis of handwriting deficits in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia. Developmental Science 25:2.
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Antonio Iniesta, Daniela Paolieri, Francisca Serrano & M. Teresa Bajo. (2021) Bilingual writing coactivation: Lexical and sublexical processing in a word dictation task. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:5, pages 902-917.
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Claire Gosse, Michael Parmentier & Marie Van Reybroeck. (2021) How Do Spelling, Handwriting Speed, and Handwriting Quality Develop During Primary School? Cross-Classified Growth Curve Analysis of Children's Writing Development. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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Karen Ray, Kerry Dally, Kim Colyvas & Alison E. Lane. (2021) The Effects of a Whole‐Class Kindergarten Handwriting Intervention on Early Reading Skills. Reading Research Quarterly 56:S1.
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Patricia Paulsen Hughes, Madison Gilliam Beanland, Tyler Danielson & Bert H. Jacobson. (2020) Writing legibility of selected effectors: Evidence for a generalized motor program?. AUC KINANTHROPOLOGICA 56:2, pages 67-78.
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Özlem OKATAN & Derya ARSLAN ÖZER. (2020) İlkokul Birinci Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Yazma Becerilerinin BetimlenmesiDescribing the Writing Skills of the First Grade Elementary School Students. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi 8:3, pages 720-731.
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Miri Tal-Saban & Naomi Weintraub. (2019) Motor functions of higher education students with dysgraphia. Research in Developmental Disabilities 94, pages 103479.
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Jessica Guilbert, Denis Alamargot & Marie-France Morin. (2019) Handwriting on a tablet screen: Role of visual and proprioceptive feedback in the control of movement by children and adults. Human Movement Science 65, pages 30-41.
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Juliana Flores Mendonça AlvesAdriana M. Valladão Novais Van PettenSharon A. CermakLívia de Castro Magalhães. (2019) Evaluation of the Reliability and Validity of the Brazilian Version of the Here’s How I Write: A Child’s Self-Assessment and Goal Setting Tool . The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 73:2, pages 7302205070p1-7302205070p10.
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Irina Usanova. 2019. Biscriptuality. Biscriptuality.
Abeer Salameh-Matar, Naser Basal & Naomi Weintraub. (2019) Relationship between body functions and Arabic handwriting performance at different acquisition stages. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 85:5, pages 418-427.
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Clémence Lopez, Cherhazad Hemimou, Bernard Golse & Laurence Vaivre-Douret. (2018) Developmental dysgraphia is often associated with minor neurological dysfunction in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Neurophysiologie Clinique 48:4, pages 207-217.
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Sara Rosenblum. (2018) Inter-relationships between objective handwriting features and executive control among children with developmental dysgraphia. PLOS ONE 13:4, pages e0196098.
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Olivier Morin. (2017) Spontaneous Emergence of Legibility in Writing Systems: The Case of Orientation Anisotropy. Cognitive Science 42:2, pages 664-677.
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Elizabeth Finnegan & Amy L. Accardo. (2017) Written Expression in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 48:3, pages 868-882.
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Anna L. Barnett, Mellissa Prunty & Sara Rosenblum. (2018) Development of the Handwriting Legibility Scale (HLS): A preliminary examination of Reliability and Validity. Research in Developmental Disabilities 72, pages 240-247.
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Raphaele Tsao, Eloise Moy, Jean-Luc Velay, Nicolas Carvalho & Carole Tardif. (2017) Handwriting in Children and Adults With Down Syndrome: Developmental Delay or Specific Features?. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 122:4, pages 342-353.
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Mona S. Julius, Rivka Meir, Zivit Shechter-Nissim & Esther Adi-Japha. (2016) Children's ability to learn a motor skill is related to handwriting and reading proficiency. Learning and Individual Differences 51, pages 265-272.
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Paolo Stievano, Silvia Michetti, Shawn M. McClintock, Gabriel Levi & Teresa Gloria Scalisi. (2016) Handwriting fluency and visuospatial generativity at primary school. Reading and Writing 29:7, pages 1497-1510.
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Abeer Salameh-Matar, Nasir Basal, Baraah Nashef-Tali & Naomi Weintraub. (2016) Development and validity of the Arabic Handwriting Assessment for elementary school students. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 79:4, pages 212-219.
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Shawn Datchuk. (2015) Teaching Handwriting to Elementary Students With Learning Disabilities. TEACHING Exceptional Children 48:1, pages 19-27.
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Michael Allen. 2015. Foundations of Forensic Document Analysis. Foundations of Forensic Document Analysis 15 62 .
Narges Tabatabaey-MashadiRubita SudirmanPuspa Inayat KhalidChris Lange-Küttner. (2015) Automated Syntax Analyses of Drawing Two Tangent Patterns in Children with Low and Average Handwriting Ability. Perceptual and Motor Skills 120:3, pages 865-894.
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Ramazan Sağ, Derya Arslan & Zeynep Karataş. (2015) Comparing the Written Work of Two age Groups at the First Grade. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 191, pages 473-481.
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Linda F.L. Tse, Kannan C. Thanapalan & Chetwyn C.H. Chan. (2014) Visual-perceptual-kinesthetic inputs on influencing writing performances in children with handwriting difficulties. Research in Developmental Disabilities 35:2, pages 340-347.
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Florence Bara & Marie‐France Morin. (2013) DOES THE HANDWRITING STYLE LEARNED IN FIRST GRADE DETERMINE THE STYLE USED IN THE FOURTH AND FIFTH GRADES AND INFLUENCE HANDWRITING SPEED AND QUALITY? A COMPARISON BETWEEN FRENCH AND QUEBEC CHILDREN. Psychology in the Schools 50:6, pages 601-617.
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Songül Atasavun Uysal & Esra Aki. (2012) Relationship between Writing Skills and Visual-Motor Control in Low-Vision Students. Perceptual and Motor Skills 115:1, pages 111-119.
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Tony DeBono, Armita Hosseini, Cassandra Cairo, Karen Ghelani, Rosemary Tannock & Maggie E. Toplak. (2011) Written expression performance in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Reading and Writing 25:6, pages 1403-1426.
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Heidi Schwellnus, Heather Carnahan, Azadeh Kushki, Helene Polatajko, Cheryl Missiuna & Tom Chau. (2012) Effect of pencil grasp on the speed and legibility of handwriting after a 10-minute copy task in Grade 4 children. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 59:3, pages 180-187.
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Megan Gozzard, Annie McCluskeyNatasha LanninNadege van Drempt. (2012) Handwriting in healthy adults aged 20-24 years: informing handwriting rehabilitation. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 19:1, pages 31-41.
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Nadege van Drempt, Annie McCluskey & Natasha A. Lannin. (2011) A review of factors that influence adult handwriting performance. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 58:5, pages 321-328.
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