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Original Articles

On Being Ironic: Pragmatic and Mnemonic Implications

Pages 149-162 | Published online: 17 Nov 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (28)

Piotr Kałowski, Maria Zajączkowska, Katarzyna Branowska, Anna Olechowska, Aleksandra Siemieniuk, Ewa Dryll & Natalia Banasik-Jemielniak. (2023) Individual Differences in Verbal Irony Use: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Psycholinguistic Studies. Metaphor and Symbol 38:1, pages 81-111.
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Bethany Pickering, Dominic Thompson & Ruth Filik. (2018) Examining the emotional impact of sarcasm using a virtual environment. Metaphor and Symbol 33:3, pages 185-197.
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Ruth Filik, Alexandra Țurcan, Dominic Thompson, Nicole Harvey, Harriet Davies & Amelia Turner. (2016) Sarcasm and emoticons: Comprehension and emotional impact. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 69:11, pages 2130-2146.
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Juanita M. Whalen, Penny M. Pexman, Alastair J. Gill & Scott Nowson. (2013) Verbal irony use in personal blogs. Behaviour & Information Technology 32:6, pages 560-569.
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ElizabethS. Nilsen, Melanie Glenwright & Vanessa Huyder. (2011) Children and Adults Understand That Verbal Irony Interpretation Depends on Listener Knowledge. Journal of Cognition and Development 12:3, pages 374-409.
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PennyM. Pexman, JuanitaM. Whalen & JillJ. Green. (2010) Understanding Verbal Irony: Clues From Interpretation of Direct and Indirect Ironic Remarks. Discourse Processes 47:3, pages 237-261.
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AlbertN. Katz, Melony Lenhardt & Kirsten Mitchell. (2007) On Acknowledging Thanks for Performing a Favor. Metaphor and Symbol 22:3, pages 233-250.
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Jacqueline K. Matthews, Jeffrey T. Hancock & Philip J. Dunham. (2006) The Roles of Politeness and Humor in the Asymmetry of Affect in Verbal Irony. Discourse Processes 41:1, pages 3-24.
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Penny M. Pexman, Melanie Glenwright, Andrea Krol & Tammy James. (2005) An Acquired Taste: Children's Perceptions of Humor and Teasing in Verbal Irony. Discourse Processes 40:3, pages 259-288.
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Herbert L. Colston & Sabrina Y. Lee. (2004) Gender Differences in Verbal Irony Use. Metaphor and Symbol 19:4, pages 289-306.
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Penny M. Pexman & Meghan T. Zvaigzne. (2004) Does Irony Go Better With Friends?. Metaphor and Symbol 19:2, pages 143-163.
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Melanie Harris & Penny M. Pexman. (2003) Children's Perceptions of the Social Functions of Verbal Irony. Discourse Processes 36:3, pages 147-165.
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Herbert L. Colston. (2002) Pragmatic Justifications for Nonliteral Gratitude Acknowledgments: "Oh Sure, Anytime". Metaphor and Symbol 17:3, pages 205-226.
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Penny M. Pexman & Kara M. Olineck. (2002) Does Sarcasm Always Sting? Investigating the Impact of Ironic Insults and Ironic Compliments. Discourse Processes 33:3, pages 199-217.
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Herbert L. Colston & Jennifer O'Brien. (2000) Contrast of Kind Versus Contrast of Magnitude: The Pragmatic Accomplishments of Irony and Hyperbole. Discourse Processes 30:2, pages 179-199.
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Penny M. Pexman, Todd R. Ferretti & Albert N. Katz. (2000) Discourse Factors That Influence Online Reading of Metaphor and Irony. Discourse Processes 29:3, pages 201-222.
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John S. Leggitt & Raymond W. Gibbs. (2000) Emotional Reactions to Verbal Irony. Discourse Processes 29:1, pages 1-24.
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Albert N. Katz & Penny M. Pexman. (1997) Interpreting Figurative Statements: Speaker Occupation Can Change Metaphor to Irony. Metaphor and Symbol 12:1, pages 19-41.
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HerbertL. Colston. (1997) Salting a wound or sugaring a pill: The pragmatic functions of ironic criticism. Discourse Processes 23:1, pages 25-45.
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Albert N. Katz. (1996) Experimental Psycholinguistics and Figurative Language: Circa 1995. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 11:1, pages 17-37.
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RaymondW. Gibbs$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), JenniferE. O'Brien & Shelly Doolittle. (1995) Inferring meanings that are not intended: Speakers’ intentions and irony comprehension. Discourse Processes 20:2, pages 187-203.
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Shelly Dews, Joan Kaplan & Ellen Winner. (1995) Why not say it directly? The social functions of irony. Discourse Processes 19:3, pages 347-367.
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Shelly Dews & Ellen Winner. (1995) Muting the Meaning A Social Function of Irony. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10:1, pages 3-19.
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Rachel Giora. (1995) On irony and negation. Discourse Processes 19:2, pages 239-264.
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Roger J. Kreuz & Richard M. Roberts. (1993) On Satire and Parody: The Importance of Being Ironic. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 8:2, pages 97-109.
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Articles from other publishers (54)

Li Huang & Adam D. Galinsky. (2023) SHARP wit: Why receiving sarcasm improves perspective-taking. Current Opinion in Psychology 54, pages 101709.
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Rachele Fanari, Sergio Melogno & Roberta Fadda. (2023) An Experimental Study on Sarcasm Comprehension in School Children: The Possible Role of Contextual, Linguistics and Meta-Representative Factors. Brain Sciences 13:6, pages 863.
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Jing Cui, Yu R. Dandan & Guiying Jiang. (2023) Judging emoji by occupation: A case of emoji-based sarcasm interpretation. Acta Psychologica 234, pages 103870.
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Sandra Richter & Hartmut Leuthold. (2022) Understanding Irony in Literary Texts: A Cognitive Approach. Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 58:1, pages 101-117.
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Francesca Ervas. 2020. Producing Figurative Expression. Producing Figurative Expression 175 210 .
Herbert L. Colston. 2020. Producing Figurative Expression. Producing Figurative Expression 129 174 .
Natalia Banasik-Jemielniak & Barbara Wydział Psychologii Bokus. (2019) How do preschool children justify the use of figurative language. Data from research with irony comprehension task. Educational Psychology 57:15, pages 7-37.
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Ruth Filik, Alexandra Ţurcan, Christina Ralph-Nearman & Alain Pitiot. (2019) What is the difference between irony and sarcasm? An fMRI study. Cortex 115, pages 112-122.
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Penny Pexman, Lorraine Reggin & Kate Lee. (2019) Addressing the Challenge of Verbal Irony: Getting Serious about Sarcasm Training. Languages 4:2, pages 23.
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María Isabel Kalbermatten. (2018) The role of verbal irony in conflict talk among relatives and friends in an Argentinian community. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 6:2, pages 299-319.
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Marta Dynel. (2018) Theoretically on Mock Politeness in English and Italian . Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 6:1, pages 149-165.
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Marta Dynel. 2018. The Pragmatics of Irony and Banter. The Pragmatics of Irony and Banter 41 57 .
Manuel Jobert & Sandrine Sorlin. 2018. The Pragmatics of Irony and Banter. The Pragmatics of Irony and Banter 3 21 .
Anna Milanowicz, Adam Tarnowski & Barbara Bokus. (2017) When Sugar-Coated Words Taste Dry: The Relationship between Gender, Anxiety, and Response to Irony. Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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Lacey Okonski. (2017) Sarcasm in the Age of Trump. The American Journal of Psychology 130:4, pages 526-532.
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Alba Agostino, Nancie Im-Bolter, Arianna K. Stefanatos & Maureen Dennis. (2017) Understanding ironic criticism and empathic praise: The role of emotive communication. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 35:2, pages 186-201.
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Richard Bruntsch & Willibald Ruch. (2017) Studying Irony Detection Beyond Ironic Criticism: Let's Include Ironic Praise. Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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Ruth Filik, Emily Brightman, Chloe Gathercole & Hartmut Leuthold. (2017) The emotional impact of verbal irony: Eye-tracking evidence for a two-stage process. Journal of Memory and Language 93, pages 193-202.
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Magda Gucman. (2016) The Role of Individual Differences and Situational Factors in Perception of Verbal Irony. Psychology of Language and Communication 20:3, pages 255-277.
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Natalia Knoblock. 2016. Political Discourse in Emergent, Fragile, and Failed Democracies. Political Discourse in Emergent, Fragile, and Failed Democracies 11 33 .
Li Huang, Francesca Gino & Adam D. Galinsky. (2015) The highest form of intelligence: Sarcasm increases creativity for both expressers and recipients. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 131, pages 162-177.
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Marta Antón & Elizabeth M. Goering. 2015. Understanding Patients' Voices. Understanding Patients' Voices.
Katarzyna Bromberek-Dyzman. 2015. Bilingual Figurative Language Processing. Bilingual Figurative Language Processing 268 298 .
István Pálinkás. (2014) Blending and folk theory in an explanation of irony. Review of Cognitive Linguistics 12:1, pages 64-98.
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Yoritaka Akimoto, Motoaki Sugiura, Yukihito Yomogida, Carlos Makoto Miyauchi, Shiho Miyazawa & Ryuta Kawashima. (2014) Irony comprehension: Social conceptual knowledge and emotional response. Human Brain Mapping 35:4, pages 1167-1178.
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Arnaud Calmus & Stéphanie Caillies. (2014) Verbal irony processing: How do contrast and humour correlate?. International Journal of Psychology 49:1, pages 46-50.
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Eva Filippova. 2014. Pragmatic Development in First Language Acquisition. Pragmatic Development in First Language Acquisition 261 278 .
Jiyun Kim. (2014) How Korean EFL learners understand sarcasm in L2 English. Journal of Pragmatics 60, pages 193-206.
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Alexander M. Rapp, Karin Langohr, Dorothee E. Mutschler, Stefan Klingberg, Barbara Wild & Michael Erb. (2013) Isn’t it ironic? Neural Correlates of Irony Comprehension in Schizophrenia. PLoS ONE 8:9, pages e74224.
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Jun Yao, Jie Song & Michael Singh. (2013) The ironical Chinese bei-construction and its accessibility to English speakers. Journal of Pragmatics 55, pages 195-209.
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Alan Partington. (2011) Phrasal irony: Its form, function and exploitation. Journal of Pragmatics 43:6, pages 1786-1800.
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Tom Kindt. 2011. Literatur und Komik. Literatur und Komik 243 281 .
Holly E. Recchia, Nina Howe, Hildy S. Ross & Stephanie Alexander. (2010) Children's understanding and production of verbal irony in family conversations. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 28:2, pages 255-274.
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Henry S. Cheang & Marc D. Pell. (2008) The sound of sarcasm. Speech Communication 50:5, pages 366-381.
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Alan Partington. (2007) Irony and reversal of evaluation. Journal of Pragmatics 39:9, pages 1547-1569.
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Jeffrey T. Hancock. (2016) Verbal Irony Use in Face-To-Face and Computer-Mediated Conversations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 23:4, pages 447-463.
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Neal R. Norrick. (2003) Issues in conversational joking. Journal of Pragmatics 35:9, pages 1333-1359.
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Penny M. Pexman & Kara M. Olineck. (2016) Understanding Irony. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 21:3, pages 245-274.
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Jeroen Vandaele. (2002) Humor Mechanisms in Film Comedy: Incongruity and Superiority. Poetics Today 23:2, pages 221-249.
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Maureen Dennis, Karen Purvis, Marcia A. Barnes, Margaret Wilkinson & Ellen Winner. (2001) Understanding of Literal Truth, Ironic Criticism, and Deceptive Praise Following Childhood Head Injury. Brain and Language 78:1, pages 1-16.
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Dacher Keltner, Lisa Capps, Ann M. Kring, Randall C. Young & Erin A. Heerey. (2001) Just teasing: A conceptual analysis and empirical review.. Psychological Bulletin 127:2, pages 229-248.
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Maggie Toplak & Albert N. Katz. (2000) On the uses of sarcastic irony. Journal of Pragmatics 32:10, pages 1467-1488.
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Rachel Giora. 2000. Handbook of Pragmatics. Handbook of Pragmatics 1 20 .
Roger Kreuz. (2000) The Production and Processing of Verbal Irony. Metaphor and Symbol 15:1, pages 99-107.
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Raymond Gibbs. (2000) Irony in Talk Among Friends. Metaphor and Symbol 15:1, pages 5-27.
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Herbert L. Colston. (2016) “Dewey Defeats Truman”. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 19:1, pages 46-65.
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Roger J. Kreuz, Max A. Kassler, Lori Coppenrath & Bonnie McLain Allen. (1999) Tag questions and common ground effects in the perception of verbal irony. Journal of Pragmatics 31:12, pages 1685-1700.
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Roger J. Kreuz. (1997) Irony in context. Journal of Pragmatics 27:2, pages 247-250.
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Shelly Dews & Ellen Winner. 1997. The Problem of Meaning - Behavioral and Cognitive Perspectives. The Problem of Meaning - Behavioral and Cognitive Perspectives 377 414 .
Shelly Dews, Ellen Winner, Joan Kaplan, Elizabeth Rosenblatt, Malia Hunt, Karen Lim, Angela McGovern, Alison Qualter & Bonnie Smarsh. (1996) Children's Understanding of the Meaning and Functions of Verbal Irony. Child Development 67:6, pages 3071.
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Richard M. Roberts & Roger J. Kreuz. (2016) Why Do People Use Figurative Language?. Psychological Science 5:3, pages 159-163.
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Roger J. Kreuz & Richard M. Roberts. (1993) The empirical study of figurative language in literature. Poetics 22:1-2, pages 151-169.
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