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Review

The potential adverse effects of habitual use of Catha edulis (khat)

Pages 1145-1154 | Published online: 28 Oct 2005

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (12)

Abebaye Aragaw Leminie, Tesfaye Tolessa Dugul, Eyasu Makonnen Eshetu & Daniel Seyifu Melka. (2021) Catha edulis Forsk and Ascorbic Acid Effects on Hematological Indices in Rat. Journal of Blood Medicine 12, pages 855-862.
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Abebaye Aragaw Limenie, Tesfaye Tolessa, Eyasu Makonnen & Daniel Seifu. (2020) Rewarding Effect of Catha edulis (Khat) and the Sex Differences to the Responses in Swiss Albino Mice. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 13, pages 279-289.
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Daba Abdissa & Kumsa Kene. (2020) Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension Among Diabetic Patients in Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2019. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity 13, pages 2317-2325.
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Teshome Gensa Geta, Gashaw Garedew Woldeamanuel, Bereket Zeleke Hailemariam & Diribsa Tsegaye Bedada. (2019) Association of Chronic Khat Chewing with Blood Pressure and Predictors of Hypertension Among Adults in Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Comparative Study. Integrated Blood Pressure Control 12, pages 33-42.
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Halil Yildiz, Mina Komuta, Constanza Monsalve, Peter Starkel & Chantal Lefebvre. (2016) To chew or not to chew: that's the question. Acta Clinica Belgica 71:3, pages 187-189.
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Mohamed-I Kotb El-Sayed & Hatem-K Amin. (2015) Catha edulis chewing effects on treatment of paranoid schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 11, pages 1067-1076.
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Marie Claire Van Hout. (2014) An Internet Study of User’s Experiences of the Synthetic Cathinone 4-Methylethcathinone (4-MEC). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 46:4, pages 273-286.
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Paul E Alele, Abayomi M Ajayi & Lawrence Imanirampa. (2013) Chronic khat (Catha edulis) and alcohol marginally alter complete blood counts, clinical chemistry, and testosterone in male rats. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology 5, pages 33-44.
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Rashad Alsanusy & Maged El-Setouhy. (2013) Why Would Khat Chewers Quit? An In-Depth, Qualitative Study on Saudi Khat Quitters. Substance Abuse 34:4, pages 389-395.
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Ashraf A. Hassan, Saleh M. Abdullah, Ibrahim A. Khardali, Ghassan A. Shaikhain & Magbool E. Oraiby. (2013) Evaluation of pesticides multiresidue contamination of khat leaves from Jazan region, Kingdome Saudi Arabia, using solid-phase extraction – gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 95:9, pages 1477-1483.
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John M. Corkery, Fabrizio Schifano, Adenekan Oyefeso, A. Hamid Ghodse, Thomy Tonia, Vinesha Naidoo & Jennifer Button. (2011) ‘Bundle of fun’ or ‘bunch of problems’? Case series of khat-related deaths in the UK. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 18:6, pages 408-425.
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Articles from other publishers (117)

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Ahmad M. Alamir, Mohammed A. Jeraiby, Hesham M. Korashy, Emad Sayed Shaheen, Mohammad A. Attafi, Magbool E. Oraiby, Ahmed M. Hakami, Mohammed Y. Albeishy, Ibrahim A. Khardali, Ismail A. Juraybi, Abeer A. Alobaida & Ibraheem M. Attafi. (2023) Cathine and cathinone disposition kinetics and neurotransmitter profile in several organs of rats exposed to a single dose of Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. extract . Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy 38:2, pages 199-207.
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Ghassan Shaikhain, Mohammed Gaballah, Ahmad Alhazmi, Ibrahim Khardali, Ahmad Hakami, Magbool Oraiby, Sultan Alharbi, Mohammad Tobaigi, Mohammed Ghalibi, Mohsen Fageeh, Mohammed Albeishy & Ibraheem Attafi. (2023) Fatalities Involving Khat in Jazan, Saudi Arabia, 2018 to 2021. Toxics 11:6, pages 506.
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Gabriela Bielecka-Papierz, Ewa Poleszak & Anna Serafko. (2023) Mephedrone – a synthetic derivative of cathinone. Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 36:1, pages 54-64.
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Abayneh Kebede Fantaye & Zerihun Kinfe Birhanu. (2022) Chewing Khat Transmission Dynamics: A Mathematical Model and Stability Analysis. Journal of Applied Mathematics 2022, pages 1-11.
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Marina Widmann, Bernice Apondi, Abednego Musau, Abdulkadir Hussein Warsame, Maimuna Isse, Victoria Mutiso, Clemens Veltrup, Inga Schalinski, David Ndetei & Michael Odenwald. (2022) Reducing Khat use among Somalis living in Kenya: a controlled pilot study on the modified ASSIST-linked brief intervention delivered in the community. BMC Public Health 22:1.
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Nawal M. Al Malahi, Masaa M. Al Jumaily, Elham A.S. Al-shaibani, Reem A. Alajmi, Afrah F. Alkhuriji, Jameel Al-Tamimi & Ahmad R Alhimaidi. (2022) Ameliorative effect of L-carnitine on lambda-cyhalothrin-induced anatomical and reproductive aberrations in albino mice. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 29:9, pages 103373.
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Abdulghani Sulaiman Mohammed Al-Jermmy, Shadia Mohamed Idris, Ferima Coulibaly-Zerbo, Lara Nasreddine & Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh. (2022) Prevalence and Correlates of Anemia among Adolescents Living in Hodeida, Yemen. Children 9:7, pages 977.
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Jessica M. Perkins, Bernard Kakuhikire, Charles Baguma, Meredith Meadows, Claire Q. Evans, Jordan Jurinsky, Justin D. Rasmussen, Emily N. Satinsky, Patience Ayebare, Viola Kyokunda, Mercy Juliet, David R. Bangsberg & Alexander C. Tsai. (2022) Perceived and misperceived norms about khat and/or cannabis use among adults in southwest Uganda. International Journal of Drug Policy 101, pages 103527.
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Abebaye Aragaw Limenie, Tesfaye Tolessa Dugul & Eyasu Mekonnen Eshetu. (2022) Effects of Catha Edulis Forsk on spatial learning, memory and correlation with serum electrolytes in wild-type male white albino rats. PLOS ONE 17:2, pages e0257932.
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Bárbara Silva, Jorge Soares, Carolina Rocha-Pereira, Přemysl Mladěnka & Fernando Remião. (2022) Khat, a Cultural Chewing Drug: A Toxicokinetic and Toxicodynamic Summary. Toxins 14:2, pages 71.
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Ravindra Rao & Richa Tripathi. 2022. Sleep and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Sleep and Neuropsychiatric Disorders 811 833 .
Sawsan Abdullah Alshahrani, Wedad Saeed Al-Qahtani, Nawaf Abdulrahman Almufareh, Dalia Mostafa Domiaty, Gadah Ibraheem Albasher, Fatmah Ahmed Safhi, Fatima Abdullah AlQassim, Mashael Alhumaidi Alotaibi, Tahani Mohamed Al-Hazani & Bassam Ahmed Almutlaq. (2021) Oral cancer among Khat users: finding evidence from DNA analysis of nine cancer-related gene mutations. BMC Oral Health 21:1.
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Gamilah Al-Qadhi, Marwan Mansoor Ali Mohammed, Mohammed Al-Ak'hali & Essam Ahmed Al-Moraissi. (2021) Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity in cultured cells: A scoping review. Heliyon 7:12, pages e08466.
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Ibraheem M. Attafi, Mohammed Y Albeishy, Ahmed M. Hakami, Mohammad A. Attafi & Ibrahim A. Khardali. (2021) Habitual khat chewing alters urinary inorganic profile in adult healthy males. Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy 36:4, pages 295-298.
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Jorge Soares, Vera Marisa Costa, Maria de Lourdes Bastos, Félix Carvalho & João Paulo Capela. (2021) An updated review on synthetic cathinones. Archives of Toxicology 95:9, pages 2895-2940.
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Ayan Ahmed, Manuel J. Ruiz, Kathrin Cohen Kadosh, Robert Patton & Davinia M. Resurrección. (2021) Khat and neurobehavioral functions: A systematic review. PLOS ONE 16:6, pages e0252900.
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Ibraheem M. Attafi, Mohammed Y Albeishy, Ahmed M. Hakami, Mohammad A. Attafi & Ibrahim A. Khardali. (2021) Habitual khat chewing alters urinary inorganic profile in adult healthy males. Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy 0:0.
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Azeem Ul Yaqin Syed, Muhammad A. Ahmed, Eman I. AlSagob, Mansour Al-Askar, Abdulrahman M. AlMubarak, Rizwan Jouhar, Abdul R. Ahmed, Sameer A. Mokeem, Nada Aldahiyan, Fahim Vohra & Tariq Abduljabbar. (2021) Cytotoxic Influence of Khat (Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl) on Oral Fibroblasts, Squamous Carcinoma Cells, and Expression of α Smooth Muscle Actin. Applied Sciences 11:8, pages 3524.
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Tsegaye Adane, Walelegn Worku, Jember Azanaw & Lamrot Yohannes. (2021) Khat Chewing Practice and Associated Factors among Medical Students in Gondar Town, Ethiopia, 2019. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 15, pages 117822182199907.
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Mohamed A. Salem, Ahmed Zayed & Shahira M. Ezzat. 2021. Phytochemistry, the Military and Health. Phytochemistry, the Military and Health 121 150 .
Asmamaw Adugna, Telake Azale & Simegnew Handebo. (2020) Seven in every ten khat chewers in Gondar City had an intention to stop khat chewing: cross-sectional study using Transtheoretical Model. BMC Psychiatry 20:1.
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Awoke Mihretu, Abebaw Fekadu, Kassahun Habtamu, Clement Nhunzvi, Sam Norton & Solomon Teferra. (2020) Exploring the concept of problematic khat use in the Gurage community, South Central Ethiopia: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 10:10, pages e037907.
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AshrafA Hassan, YahyaHasan Hobani, Neji Mosbah, SaifElden Abdalla, Mohammad Zaino, Syam Mohan & Maged El-Setouhy. (2020) Chronic khat (Catha edulis) chewing and genotoxicity: The role of antioxidant defense system and oxidative damage of DNA. Pharmacognosy Magazine 16:68, pages 168.
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Maged El-Setouhy, Rashad Alsanosy, Anwar M. Makeen, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, Abdullah Alsharqi & Kamaludin Ahmed Sheikh. (2019) Impact of khat price increases on consumption behavior – price elasticity analysis. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 14:1.
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Berhanu Geresu, Ana Canseco-Alba, Branden Sanabria, Zhicheng Lin, Qing-Rong Liu, Emmanuel S. Onaivi & Ephrem Engidawork. (2019) Involvement of CB2 Receptors in the Neurobehavioral Effects of Catha Edulis (Vahl) Endl. (Khat) in Mice. Molecules 24:17, pages 3164.
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A. Nersesyan, G. Wultsch, M. Mišík & S. Knasmüller. 2019. The Micronucleus Assay in Toxicology. The Micronucleus Assay in Toxicology 373 386 .
M. Rosaria Varì, Simona Pichini, Raffaele Giorgetti & Francesco P. Busardò. (2018) New psychoactive substances—Synthetic stimulants. WIREs Forensic Science 1:2.
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Syam Mohan, Emad Shaheen, YasminO El-Amir, HusseinA Khadashi, SaidaS Ncibi, Abdullah Farasani & SiddigIbrahim Abdelwahab. (2019) Catha edulis-induced skeletal muscle toxicity in experimental rats via regulation of rhabdomyolysis biomarkers. Pharmacognosy Magazine 15:64, pages 359.
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Ryan Graddy, Megan E. Buresh & Darius A. Rastegar. (2018) New and Emerging Illicit Psychoactive Substances. Medical Clinics of North America 102:4, pages 697-714.
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Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab, Rashad Alsanosy, Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha & Syam Mohan. (2018) Khat Induced Toxicity: Role on Its Modulating Effects on Inflammation and Oxidative Stability. BioMed Research International 2018, pages 1-7.
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David E. Kleiner. 2018. Macsween's Pathology of the Liver. Macsween's Pathology of the Liver 673 779 .
Teshale Ayele Mega & Nikodimos Eshetu Dabe. (2017) Khat (Catha Edulis) as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal 11:1, pages 146-155.
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Marina Widmann, Bernice Apondi, Abednego Musau, Abdulkadir Hussein Warsame, Maimuna Isse, Victoria Mutiso, Clemens Veltrup, David Ndetei & Michael Odenwald. (2017) Comorbid psychopathology and everyday functioning in a brief intervention study to reduce khat use among Somalis living in Kenya: description of baseline multimorbidity, its effects of intervention and its moderation effects on substance use. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 52:11, pages 1425-1434.
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Ling-Yi Feng, Altansuvd Battulga, Eunyoung Han, Heesun Chung & Jih-Heng Li. (2017) New psychoactive substances of natural origin: A brief review. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 25:3, pages 461-471.
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Ephrem Engidawork. (2017) Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of Catha edulis F. (Khat) . Phytotherapy Research 31:7, pages 1019-1028.
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Stephen J. deRoux & William A. Dunn. (2017) “Bath Salts” the New York City Medical Examiner Experience: A 3-Year Retrospective Review. Journal of Forensic Sciences 62:3, pages 695-699.
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Mohamed Ibrahim, Bushra Hussein A. Malik & Moawia Gameraddin. (2017) Doppler Assessment of the Effect of Chewing Qat on Hemodynamics of the Common Carotid Arteries. Journal of Medical Sciences 17:2, pages 95-101.
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Marek Wiergowski, Justyna Aszyk, Michał Kaliszan, Kamila Wilczewska, Jacek Sein Anand, Agata Kot-Wasik & Zbigniew Jankowski. (2017) Identification of novel psychoactive substances 25B-NBOMe and 4-CMC in biological material using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS and their quantification in blood using UPLC–MS/MS in case of severe intoxications. Journal of Chromatography B 1041-1042, pages 1-10.
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Tesfaye Girma Legesse & Debela Gemeda Bedane. (2016) Prevalence of under Nutrition and Associated Factors among Khat Chewers in Khat Chewing Shops at Gulalle Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences 6:4, pages 144-152.
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John Martin Corkery. 2016. Forensic Toxicology: Drug Use and Misuse. Forensic Toxicology: Drug Use and Misuse 165 207 .
M. Hijazi, H. Jentsch, J. Al-Sanabani, M. Tawfik & T. W. Remmerbach. (2015) Clinical and cytological study of the oral mucosa of smoking and non-smoking qat chewers in Yemen. Clinical Oral Investigations 20:4, pages 771-779.
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Flaminia Pantano, Roberta Tittarelli, Giulio Mannocchi, Simona Zaami, Serafino Ricci, Raffaele Giorgetti, Daniela Terranova, Francesco Busardò & Enrico Marinelli. (2016) Hepatotoxicity Induced by “the 3Ks”: Kava, Kratom and Khat. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17:4, pages 580.
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Omkolsoum M. Alhaddad, Maha M. Elsabaawy, Eman A. Rewisha, Tary A. Salman, Mohamed A.S. Kohla, Nermine A. Ehsan & Imam A. Waked. (2016) Khat-induced liver injuries: A report of two cases. Arab Journal of Gastroenterology 17:1, pages 45-48.
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Maged El-Setouhy, Rashad M. Alsanosy, Abdallah Alsharqi & Ahmed A. Ismail. (2016) Khat Dependency and Psychophysical Symptoms among Chewers in Jazan Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. BioMed Research International 2016, pages 1-6.
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Halh Al-Serori, Franziska Ferk, Verena Angerer, Miroslav Mišík, Armen Nersesyan, Tahereh Setayesh, Volker Auwärter, Elisabeth Haslinger, Wolfgang Huber & Siegfried Knasmüller. (2016) Investigations of the genotoxic properties of two synthetic cathinones (3-MMC, 4-MEC) which are used as psychoactive drugs. Toxicology Research 5:5, pages 1410-1420.
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Sa’ed H. Zyoud. (2015) Bibliometric analysis on global Catha edulis (khat) research production during the period of 1952–2014. Globalization and Health 11:1.
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Ayesha Alvi, Nuzhath Fatima, Ahmed Ali Jerah, Mohammed Rizwan, Yahya Hasan Hobani, Rashad Al Sunosi, Manal Mohamed El Hassan Taha, Eldaw Mohamed Habiballah, Pradeep Kumar Agarwal & Siddig Ibrahim Abdulwahab. (2015) Correlation between Resistin, Tuberculosis and Khat Addiction: A Study from South Western Province of Saudi Arabia. PLOS ONE 10:10, pages e0140245.
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Tyler Nichols, Proma Khondkar & Simon Gibbons. (2015) The psychostimulant drug khat (Catha edulis): A mini-review. Phytochemistry Letters 13, pages 127-133.
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S El-Zaemey, J Schüz & ME Leon. (2015) Qat Chewing and Risk of Potentially Malignant and Malignant Oral Disorders: A Systematic Review. The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 6:3, pages 129-143.
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Brian P. Kersten & Megan E. McLaughlin. (2014) Toxicology and Management of Novel Psychoactive Drugs. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 28:1, pages 50-65.
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Butheinah A. Al-SharafiAbdallah A. Gunaid. (2015) Effect of Habitual Khat Chewing on Glycemic Control, Body Mass Index, and Age at Diagnosis of Diabetes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Yemen. Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes 8, pages CMED.S26045.
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Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab, Rashad Mohammed Alsanosy, Bahaa-eldin E. A. Rahim, Syam Mohan, Sara Taha, Manal Mohamed Elhassan & Maged El-Setouhy. (2015) Khat ( Catha edulis Forsk.) Dependence Potential and Pattern of Use in Saudi Arabia . BioMed Research International 2015, pages 1-8.
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Abdulrahman Al-Alimi, Tara Taiyeb-Ali, Nasruddin Jaafar & Nezar Noor Al-hebshi. (2015) Qat Chewing and Periodontal Pathogens in Health and Disease: Further Evidence for a Prebiotic-Like Effect. BioMed Research International 2015, pages 1-7.
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Ochiba Mohammed Lukandu, Lionel Sang Koech & Paul Ngugi Kiarie. (2015) Oral Lesions Induced by Chronic Khat Use Consist Essentially of Thickened Hyperkeratinized Epithelium. International Journal of Dentistry 2015, pages 1-9.
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Michael Odenwald, Axel Klein & Nasir Warfa. 2015. Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives. Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives 455 466 .
Haider Al-Mamary, Amina El-Shaiban, Molham Al-Habori, Ali Al-Meeri, Adel S. Al-Zubairi & Mohamed Al-Mamary. (2014) Effect of Catha edulis on the Activities of Enzyme Markers of Carcinogenicity in Chemically-induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rabbits. International Journal of Cancer Research 10:1, pages 1-13.
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Ayesha Alvi, Mohammed Rizwan, Rashad AL Sunosi & Ahmed Bin Ali Jerah. (2014) Does khat chewing increases the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by macrophage immune modulation?. Medical Hypotheses 82:6, pages 667-669.
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Motohiro Nakajima, Anisa Dokam, Abed Naji Kasim, Mohammed Alsoofi, Najat Sayem Khalil & Mustafa al’Absi. (2014) Habitual Khat and Concurrent Khat and Tobacco Use Are Associated With Subjective Sleep Quality. Preventing Chronic Disease 11.
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Shahzad Riyaz. (2014) Khat (Catha Edulis) as a possible cause of autoimmune hepatitis. World Journal of Hepatology 6:3, pages 150.
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Ewenat GebrehannaYemane BerhaneAlemayehu Worku. (2014) Prevalence and Predictors of Harmful Khat Use among University Students in Ethiopia. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 8, pages SART.S14413.
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Kamaludin Sheikh, Maged El-setouhy, Umar Yagoub, Rashad Alsanosy & Zafar Ahmed. (2014) Khat chewing and health related quality of life: cross-sectional study in Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 12:1, pages 44.
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Matthew D. Thornton & Carl R. Baum. (2014) Bath Salts and Other Emerging Toxins. Pediatric Emergency Care 30:1, pages 47-52.
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Maria João Valente, Paula Guedes de Pinho, Maria de Lourdes Bastos, Félix Carvalho & Márcia Carvalho. (2013) Khat and synthetic cathinones: a review. Archives of Toxicology 88:1, pages 15-45.
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Michael Odenwald. 2014. Neglected Tropical Diseases and Conditions of the Nervous System. Neglected Tropical Diseases and Conditions of the Nervous System 293 305 .
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M G Jenkins, R Handslip, M Kumar, U Mahadeva, S Lucas, T Yamamoto, D M Wood, T Wong & P I Dargan. (2013) Reversible khat-induced hepatitis: two case reports and review of the literature. Frontline Gastroenterology 4:4, pages 278-281.
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Charles R. Swanepoel, Nicola Wearne & Ikechi G. Okpechi. (2013) Nephrology in Africa—not yet uhuru. Nature Reviews Nephrology 9:10, pages 610-622.
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MORAD DIRHEM NAJI ABID, JUAN CHEN, MIN XIANG, JIE ZHOU, XIAOPING CHEN & FEILI GONG. (2013) Khat (Catha edulis) generates reactive oxygen species and promotes hepatic cell apoptosis via MAPK activation. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 32:2, pages 389-395.
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Saba Kassim, Ray Croucher & Mustafa al'Absi. (2013) Khat dependence syndrome: A cross sectional preliminary evaluation amongst UK-resident Yemeni khat chewers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 146:3, pages 835-841.
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Mustafa al'Absi, Najat Sayem Khalil, Molham Al Habori, Richard Hoffman, Koji Fujiwara & Lorentz Wittmers. (2013) Effects of Chronic Khat Use on Cardiovascular, Adrenocortical, and Psychological Responses to Stress in Men and Women. The American Journal on Addictions 22:2, pages 99-107.
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Wafaa Ibrahim ALRajhi & Olfat Mohamed Yousef. (2013) Effects of Catha Edulis Abuse on Glucose, Lipid Profiles and Liver Histopathology in Rabbit. Journal of Life Sciences and Technologies, pages 33-37.
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Abdulsamad Alsalahi, Mahmood Ameen Abdulla, Mohammed Al-Mamary, Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin, Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab, Aied M. Alabsi, Abdrabuh Shwter & Mohammed A. Alshawsh. (2012) Toxicological Features of Catha edulis (Khat) on Livers and Kidneys of Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Subchronic Study . Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, pages 1-11.
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James H. Lewis & David E. Kleiner. 2012. MacSween's Pathology of the Liver. MacSween's Pathology of the Liver 645 760 .
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Craig Murdoch, Hesham Abdul Aziz, Hsin-Yu Fang, Hussun Jezan, Raga Musaid & Munitta Muthana. (2011) Khat (Catha edulis) alters the phenotype and anti-microbial activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 138:3, pages 780-787.
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A. S. McLean & M. B. Kot. (2011) Cardiac collapse associated with the ingestion of khat. Internal Medicine Journal 41:7, pages 579-581.
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Rachel Jenkins & Nahla Shoja' Aldeen. (2011) Qat consumption in Yemen – knowledge and practice of mental health policy makers and other stakeholders. Journal of Public Mental Health 10:2, pages 110-114.
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Lorenza S. Colzato, Manuel J. Ruiz, Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg & Bernhard Hommel. (2011) Khat Use Is Associated with Impaired Working Memory and Cognitive Flexibility. PLoS ONE 6:6, pages e20602.
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Daniel Daba, Ariaya Hymete, Adnan A. Bekhit, Abdel Maaboud I. Mohamed & Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit. (2011) Multi Residue Analysis of Pesticides in Wheat and Khat Collected from Different Regions of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 86:3, pages 336-341.
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Workineh Getahun, Teferi Gedif & Fikru Tesfaye. (2010) Regular Khat (Catha edulis) chewing is associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure among adults in Butajira, Ethiopia: A comparative study. BMC Public Health 10:1.
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Saba Kassim, Sharif Islam & Ray Croucher. (2010) Validity and reliability of a Severity of Dependence Scale for khat (SDS-khat). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132:3, pages 570-577.
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